…founded a nonviolent-reform society, the Liga Filipina, in Manila, and was deported to Dapitan in northwest Mindanao. He remained in exile for the next four years. In 1896 the Katipunan, a Filipino nationalist secret society, revolted against Spain. Although he had no connections with that organization and he had had…
READ MORE
Philippine history
Philippines. Political map: boundaries, cities. Includes locator.In Philippines: The 19th century
…returned home and formed the Liga Filipina, a modest reform-minded society, loyal to Spain, that breathed no word of independence. But Rizal was quickly arrested by the overly fearful Spanish, exiled to a remote island in the south, and finally executed in 1896. Meanwhile, within the Philippines there had developed…
READ MORE
Propaganda Movement
José RizalIn Propaganda Movement
…returned home and founded the Liga Filipina, a modest reform-minded society that was loyal to Spain and breathed no word of independence. As with the Cavite mutiny, the Spanish authorities overreacted to a perceived threat to their rule. They promptly arrested and exiled Rizal to a remote island in the…
READ MORE
JOSÉ RIZAL
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José Rizal
Filipino political leader and author
BY The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica View Edit History
FULL ARTICLE
José Rizal, in full José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda, (born June 19, 1861, Calamba, Philippines—died December 30, 1896, Manila), patriot, physician, and man of letters who was an inspiration to the Philippine nationalist movement.
José Rizal
José Rizal
See all media
Born: June 19, 1861 Philippines
Died: December 30, 1896 (aged 35) Manila Philippines
Founder: Liga Filipina
Notable Works: “The Social Cancer”
The son of a prosperous landowner, Rizal was educated in Manila and at the University of Madrid. A brilliant medical student, he soon committed himself to the reform of Spanish rule in his home country, though he never advocated Philippine independence. Most of his writing was done in Europe, where he resided between 1882 and 1892.
In 1887 Rizal published his first novel, Noli me tangere (The Social Cancer), a passionate exposure of the evils of Spanish rule in the Philippines. A sequel, El filibusterismo (1891; The Reign of Greed), established his reputation as the leading spokesman of the Philippine reform movement. He published an annotated edition (1890; reprinted 1958) of Antonio Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, hoping to show that the native people of the Philippines had a long history before the coming of the Spaniards. He became the leader of the Propaganda Movement, contributing numerous articles to its newspaper, La Solidaridad, published in Barcelona. Rizal’s political program included integration of the Philippines as a province of Spain, representation in the Cortes (the Spanish parliament), the replacement of Spanish friars by Filipino priests, freedom of assembly and expression, and equality of Filipinos and Spaniards before the law.
Rizal returned to the Philippines in 1892. He founded a nonviolent-reform society, the Liga Filipina, in Manila, and was deported to Dapitan in northwest Mindanao. He remained in exile for the next four years. In 1896 the Katipunan, a Filipino nationalist secret society, revolted against Spain. Although he had no connections with that organization and he had had no part in the insurrection, Rizal was arrested and tried for sedition by the military. Found guilty, he was publicly executed by a firing squad in Manila. His martyrdom convinced Filipinos that there was no alternative to independence from Spain. On the eve of his execution, while confined in Fort Santiago, Rizal wrote “Último adiós” (“Last Farewell”), a masterpiece of 19th-century Spanish verse.
monument to José Rizal
monument to José Rizal
Monument (centre) to José Rizal in Rizal Park, Manila.
Tsutomu Nakayama/Shostal Associates
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Fresco of the Preaching Buddha at the Wet-kyi-in, Gu-byauk-gyi, Pagan, c. 1113.
Southeast Asian arts: The Philippines
The most famous author was José Rizal, who wrote a series of brilliant social novels, beginning with...…
Philippines
Philippines: The 19th century
José Rizal, this movement’s most brilliant figure, produced two political novels—Noli me tangere...…
Historical map of Southeast Asia
history of Southeast Asia: Transformation of state and society
Answers & Comments
Answer:
LIGA FILIPINA
Liga Filipina
Filipino political society
LEARN ABOUT THIS TOPIC in these articles:
contribution by Rizal
José RizalIn José Rizal
…founded a nonviolent-reform society, the Liga Filipina, in Manila, and was deported to Dapitan in northwest Mindanao. He remained in exile for the next four years. In 1896 the Katipunan, a Filipino nationalist secret society, revolted against Spain. Although he had no connections with that organization and he had had…
READ MORE
Philippine history
Philippines. Political map: boundaries, cities. Includes locator.In Philippines: The 19th century
…returned home and formed the Liga Filipina, a modest reform-minded society, loyal to Spain, that breathed no word of independence. But Rizal was quickly arrested by the overly fearful Spanish, exiled to a remote island in the south, and finally executed in 1896. Meanwhile, within the Philippines there had developed…
READ MORE
Propaganda Movement
José RizalIn Propaganda Movement
…returned home and founded the Liga Filipina, a modest reform-minded society that was loyal to Spain and breathed no word of independence. As with the Cavite mutiny, the Spanish authorities overreacted to a perceived threat to their rule. They promptly arrested and exiled Rizal to a remote island in the…
READ MORE
JOSÉ RIZAL
Home
Literature
Novels & Short Stories
Novelists L-Z
José Rizal
Filipino political leader and author
BY The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica View Edit History
FULL ARTICLE
José Rizal, in full José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda, (born June 19, 1861, Calamba, Philippines—died December 30, 1896, Manila), patriot, physician, and man of letters who was an inspiration to the Philippine nationalist movement.
José Rizal
José Rizal
See all media
Born: June 19, 1861 Philippines
Died: December 30, 1896 (aged 35) Manila Philippines
Founder: Liga Filipina
Notable Works: “The Social Cancer”
The son of a prosperous landowner, Rizal was educated in Manila and at the University of Madrid. A brilliant medical student, he soon committed himself to the reform of Spanish rule in his home country, though he never advocated Philippine independence. Most of his writing was done in Europe, where he resided between 1882 and 1892.
In 1887 Rizal published his first novel, Noli me tangere (The Social Cancer), a passionate exposure of the evils of Spanish rule in the Philippines. A sequel, El filibusterismo (1891; The Reign of Greed), established his reputation as the leading spokesman of the Philippine reform movement. He published an annotated edition (1890; reprinted 1958) of Antonio Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, hoping to show that the native people of the Philippines had a long history before the coming of the Spaniards. He became the leader of the Propaganda Movement, contributing numerous articles to its newspaper, La Solidaridad, published in Barcelona. Rizal’s political program included integration of the Philippines as a province of Spain, representation in the Cortes (the Spanish parliament), the replacement of Spanish friars by Filipino priests, freedom of assembly and expression, and equality of Filipinos and Spaniards before the law.
Rizal returned to the Philippines in 1892. He founded a nonviolent-reform society, the Liga Filipina, in Manila, and was deported to Dapitan in northwest Mindanao. He remained in exile for the next four years. In 1896 the Katipunan, a Filipino nationalist secret society, revolted against Spain. Although he had no connections with that organization and he had had no part in the insurrection, Rizal was arrested and tried for sedition by the military. Found guilty, he was publicly executed by a firing squad in Manila. His martyrdom convinced Filipinos that there was no alternative to independence from Spain. On the eve of his execution, while confined in Fort Santiago, Rizal wrote “Último adiós” (“Last Farewell”), a masterpiece of 19th-century Spanish verse.
monument to José Rizal
monument to José Rizal
Monument (centre) to José Rizal in Rizal Park, Manila.
Tsutomu Nakayama/Shostal Associates
Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content.
Subscribe Now
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
This article was most recently revised and updated by Michael Ray, Editor.
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
Fresco of the Preaching Buddha at the Wet-kyi-in, Gu-byauk-gyi, Pagan, c. 1113.
Southeast Asian arts: The Philippines
The most famous author was José Rizal, who wrote a series of brilliant social novels, beginning with...…
Philippines
Philippines: The 19th century
José Rizal, this movement’s most brilliant figure, produced two political novels—Noli me tangere...…
Historical map of Southeast Asia
history of Southeast Asia: Transformation of state and society
…Kartini and the Filipino patriot José Rizal.
Explanation: