1. Evaporation of water molecules from the cells of a leaf creates a suction which pulls water from the xylem cells of roots. Thus, transpiration helps in the absorption and upward movement of water and minerals dissolved in it from roots to the leaves
2. In animals, gas exchange follows the same general pattern as in plants. Oxygen and carbon dioxide move by diffusion across moist membranes. In simple animals, the exchange occurs directly with the environment. But with complex animals, such as mammals, the exchange occurs between the environment and the blood.

• The oxygen diffuses into tiny blood vessels in the skin surface, where it combines with the red pigment hemoglobin.
• Terrestrial arthropods have a series of openings called spiracles at the body surface.
• Fishes use outward extensions of their body surface called gills for gas exchange.
• Terrestrial vertebrates such as amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals have well-developed respiratory systems with lungs.
• Birds have large air spaces called air sacs in their lungs.
• The lungs of mammals are divided into millions of microscopic air sacs called alveoli (the singular is alveolus). Each alveolus is surrounded by a rich network of blood vessels for transporting gases.

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