Answer:

The order of operations is a rule that tells you the right order in which to solve different parts of a math problem. ... Subtraction, multiplication, and division are all examples of operations.) The order of operations is important because it guarantees that people can all read and solve a problem in the same way.

Answer:

the importance of effective disinfection

Effective cleaning and disinfection is important in healthcare to reduce the risks of infection. To ensure that a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-approved hard surface disinfectant kills the microorganisms that it claims to, correct use according to manufacturer instructions is required. A user needs to know that after applying a disinfectant, it will be as effective as the manufacturer intended.

How can effective disinfection be ensured?

Ensuring effective disinfection in healthcare is subject to some unique challenges. In particular, hospital rooms are full of surfaces of varying shapes and sizes, and knowing where a disinfectant has been applied can often be challenging. To help, users need an indicator to know that they have correctly applied a disinfectant to a surface and that they can be assured that the disinfectant has worked as intended.

The most common industry practice is to ensure that the surface is kept visibly wet for the full contact time indicated on the product label. The contact time, also known as the wet time, is the time that the disinfectant needs to stay wet on a surface in order to ensure efficacy. It is determined by the manufacturer and based on the results of microbiological testing using EPA-approved methods. Contact times for disinfectants range from 15 seconds to ten minutes, the maximum time allowed by the EPA. Disinfecting products usually include directions that instruct users to ensure that the surface is visibly wet for the contact time.

This practice does have its challenges though. Keeping a surface visibly wet can be difficult for disinfectants that require a long contact time, such as ten minutes. Under some conditions, such as high temperatures and low humidity, it can also be difficult even for disinfectants with contact times as short as three or four minutes to stay wet. It is particularly challenging for disinfectants with high alcohol content, which evaporate quickly. If the disinfectant does dry on the surface before the contact time is reached, label instructions usually require reapplication to ensure that the contact or wet time is met.

If visible wetness for the contact time is not used as a measure of efficacy or as a way to help with compliance, then how would end users know that product application was sufficient to achieve disinfection? Would the alternative approach be based on the surface area a wipe can cover and still effectively disinfect? This approach would require product labels to include instructions for how much surface area the product can cover and still effectively disinfect and would require users to measure the surface area being wiped to ensure proper use. If the wipe is used on too large an area, then insufficient disinfectant may be applied, resulting in a failure to effectively decontaminate the surface. This approach presents a more challenging situation than using visible wetness as an indicator. First, while measuring surface area may be relatively easy on large flat surfaces, hospital room surfaces and equipment are rarely flat and consistent, making it difficult and highly impractical to calculate surface area. Second, wipe sizes and the amount of disinfectant on each wipe varies between products and differences in wipe sizes and surface coverage could create confusion for users trying to monitor areas covered for specific wipes.

For these reasons, requiring the disinfectant to remain visibly wet on the surface is a useful and relatively simple practice to follow to ensure compliance and proper disinfintion.

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