Descriptive studies only describe the current state of a variable, so there are no presumed cause or effects, therefore no independent and dependent variables. ... Since neither variable in a correlational design is manipulated, it is impossible to determine which is the cause and which is the effect.
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Descriptive studies only describe the current state of a variable, so there are no presumed cause or effects, therefore no independent and dependent variables. ... Since neither variable in a correlational design is manipulated, it is impossible to determine which is the cause and which is the effect.