Answer:

a) National Integration

Explanation:

After gaining independence from British colonial rule in 1947, India faced numerous challenges in its efforts to build a strong and unified nation. National integration refers to the process of bringing together diverse regions, cultures, languages, and religions within a country to foster a sense of unity and shared identity.

India, with its vast and diverse population, faced the challenge of integrating various princely states, regions, and communities into a unified nation. This included addressing issues related to language, religion, caste, and regional identities.

To promote national integration, several measures were taken by the Indian government. These included adopting a secular constitution, emphasizing the principles of equality, promoting Hindi as the official language while respecting the linguistic diversity of the country, and implementing affirmative action policies to uplift marginalized communities.

Industrialization (option b), population (option c), and unemployment (option d) were also significant challenges for newly independent India. However, national integration was considered the biggest challenge as it laid the foundation for building a united and cohesive nation.

Therefore, the correct answer is national integration (option a) as the biggest challenge before the newly independent India.

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One of the biggest challenges before newly independent India was:

a) National Integration

After gaining independence in 1947, India faced the significant challenge of integrating the diverse princely states and regions into a unified nation. Ensuring national integration was a critical priority to maintain unity and stability in the newly formed country with its diverse population, languages, cultures, and religions. While industrialization, population, and unemployment were also significant challenges, national integration was a primary concern during the early years of independence.