Answer:

A.banana

Saurabh Bhatia, Randhir Dahiya, in Modern Applications of Plant Biotechnology in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2015

9.4.1 Advantages of Edible Vaccine

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Edible vaccines are effective as a delivery vehicle for immunization because adjuvants that enhance the immune response are not required.

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Edible vaccine can elicit mucosal immunity, which is not observed in traditional vaccines.

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Edible vaccines are also cost effective in availability, storage, preparation, production, and transportation. Vaccines produced by biotechnological methods are stable at room temperature, unlike traditional vaccine, which needs cold chain storage, which multiplies the yearly cost to preserve vaccines. Moreover, the seeds of transgenic plants could be dried as there is less moisture content in seeds and the plants with oil or their aqueous extracts possess more storage opportunities. Manufacturing cost is low as there is no need for special premises to manufacture them. Edible vaccine can be easily produced at mass level in comparison to an animal system.

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Edible vaccines are well tolerated, as they do not require administration by injection unlike traditional vaccines. Thus, there is also a reduced need for medical personnel and risk of contamination is low. The feasibility of oral administration compared to injection is also an advantage.

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Plant-derived vaccines could be the source for new vaccines combining numerous antigens. These multicomponent vaccines are called second generation vaccines as they allow for several antigens to approach M-cells simultaneously.

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Edible vaccines are subunit preparations, do not involve attenuated pathogens, and improve the safety of individuals as compared to traditional vaccine since there is no possibility of proteins reforming into infectious organisms.

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The separation and purification of vaccines from plant materials is very easy and pathogenic contamination from animal cells can be effectively prevented.