The government is taken over by the Bolshevik Party, led by V. I. Lenin; later, it will be known as the Communist Party.
Farmland is distributed among farmers, and factories are given to workers. • Banks are nationalized and a national council is assembled to run the economy.
Russia pulls out of World War I, signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, conceding much land to Germany.
Czarist rule ends. Nicholas II, his wife and five children are executed.
Civil war, between Bolshevik (“red”) and anti-Bolshevik (“white”) forces, sweeps Russia from 1918 to 1920. Around 15 million die in conflict and the famine
The Russian economy is in shambles. Industrial production drops, trade all but ceases, and skilled workers flee the country.
Lenin asserts his control by cruel methods such as the Gulag, a vast and brutal network of prison camps for both criminals and political prisoners.
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