Land reclamation is the gain of land from the sea, or wetlands, or other water bodies, and restoration of productivity or use to lands that have been degraded by human activities or impaired by natural phenomena
. Land reclamation is the process of creating new land from the sea. The simplest method of land reclamation involves simply filling the area with large amounts of heavy rock and/or cement, then filling with clay and soil until the desired height is reached. Draining of submerged wetlands is often used to reclaim land for agricultural use.
The first major land reclamations were carried out in the 1970s, when the Port of Rotterdam in the Netherlands was extended (OSPAR, 2008a). This was the start of the modern era of land reclamation, which rapidly spread around the world. In 1975 the government of Singapore commenced the construction of a new airport on the eastern tip of Singapore. Changi airport was built with over 40 million cubic meters of sand reclaimed from the seabed. Notable examples of coastal land reclamation include Hong Kong, Singapore, the Netherlands (OSPAR, 2008a,b; Hilton and Manning, 1995) and much of the coastline of mainland China (An et al., 2007). Artificial islands are an example of land reclamation. The Flevopolder (970 km2) in the Netherlands, reclaimed from the IJsselmeer, is the largest reclaimed artificial island in the world. Kansai International Airport (in Osaka, Japan) and Hong Kong International Airport are also examples.
Marine habitats are permanently lost where land is reclaimed from the sea. It is estimated that nearly 51% of coastal wetlands in China have been lost due to land reclamation (An et al., 2007). Land reclamation may also influence habitat types of coastal and terrestrial origin such as sand dunes or freshwater bodies. Subsidence can be an issue, both from soil compaction on filled land and also when wetlands are enclosed by levees and drained to create polders (ie, low-lying land reclaimed from the sea or a river and protected by dikes) (Hoeksema, 2007).
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Land reclamation is the gain of land from the sea, or wetlands, or other water bodies, and restoration of productivity or use to lands that have been degraded by human activities or impaired by natural phenomena
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. Land reclamation is the process of creating new land from the sea. The simplest method of land reclamation involves simply filling the area with large amounts of heavy rock and/or cement, then filling with clay and soil until the desired height is reached. Draining of submerged wetlands is often used to reclaim land for agricultural use.
The first major land reclamations were carried out in the 1970s, when the Port of Rotterdam in the Netherlands was extended (OSPAR, 2008a). This was the start of the modern era of land reclamation, which rapidly spread around the world. In 1975 the government of Singapore commenced the construction of a new airport on the eastern tip of Singapore. Changi airport was built with over 40 million cubic meters of sand reclaimed from the seabed. Notable examples of coastal land reclamation include Hong Kong, Singapore, the Netherlands (OSPAR, 2008a,b; Hilton and Manning, 1995) and much of the coastline of mainland China (An et al., 2007). Artificial islands are an example of land reclamation. The Flevopolder (970 km2) in the Netherlands, reclaimed from the IJsselmeer, is the largest reclaimed artificial island in the world. Kansai International Airport (in Osaka, Japan) and Hong Kong International Airport are also examples.
Marine habitats are permanently lost where land is reclaimed from the sea. It is estimated that nearly 51% of coastal wetlands in China have been lost due to land reclamation (An et al., 2007). Land reclamation may also influence habitat types of coastal and terrestrial origin such as sand dunes or freshwater bodies. Subsidence can be an issue, both from soil compaction on filled land and also when wetlands are enclosed by levees and drained to create polders (ie, low-lying land reclaimed from the sea or a river and protected by dikes) (Hoeksema, 2007).