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1. 1st Referee:

- Duties and Responsibilities: The 1st Referee, also known as the head referee, has the overall authority and responsibility for officiating the game. Their main duties include:

  - Enforcing the rules and ensuring fair play.

  - Making final decisions on violations, fouls, and scoring.

  - Communicating with the team captains and coaches.

  - Conducting the coin toss to determine the serve or side.

  - Monitoring the conduct of players, coaches, and spectators.

  - Collaborating with the 2nd referee and other officials.

  - Handling protests and conflicts during the game.

- Equipment Needed: The 1st Referee typically requires the following equipment:

  - Whistle: Used to signal the start and stop of play, violations, and timeouts.

  - Stopwatch: Used to time the duration of timeouts, substitutions, and other game-related activities.

  - Red and yellow cards: Used to issue warnings and penalties to players or coaches, if applicable.

  - Rulebook: Reference material to clarify rules and regulations, if needed.

  - Score sheet and pen/pencil: Used for recording scores, timeouts, substitutions, and other important information.

2. 2nd Referee:

- Duties and Responsibilities: The 2nd Referee, also known as the assistant referee or the down referee, works in conjunction with the 1st Referee to ensure smooth gameplay. Their main duties include:

  - Assisting the 1st Referee in enforcing rules and making decisions.

  - Monitoring the net play, including faults, touches, and net violations.

  - Observing foot faults during serves and attacks.

  - Verifying the legality of the server's position and rotation.

  - Assisting with substitutions, timeouts, and conducting player checks.

  - Handling protests and conflicts in collaboration with the 1st Referee.

- Equipment Needed: The 2nd Referee typically requires similar equipment as the 1st Referee:

  - Whistle

  - Stopwatch

  - Red and yellow cards

  - Rulebook

  - Score sheet and pen/pencil

3. Scorer:

- Duties and Responsibilities: The Scorer is responsible for keeping an accurate record of the match, including points, substitutions, timeouts, and other relevant information. Their main duties include:

  - Recording the names and numbers of players on the official score sheet.

  - Tracking and recording points, fouls, substitutions, and timeouts.

  - Communicating with the referees regarding any discrepancies in scoring.

  - Informing the referees, coaches, and players of the score at various intervals.

  - Assisting with verifying rotations and player positions when necessary.

- Equipment Needed:

  - Score sheet: Used to record the details of the match, including player names, numbers, points, and other relevant information.

  - Pen/pencil: Used for marking scores and recording information accurately.

4. Line Judges:

- Duties and Responsibilities: Line Judges are responsible for making judgments on specific areas of the court, mainly related to boundary lines. Their main duties include:

  - Determining if the ball is in or out of bounds along the sideline and end line.

  - Assisting the referees in making accurate calls for touches and violations.

  - Communicating with the referees through signals or flags.

  - Providing input on line-related decisions, including ball landing positions.

  - Collaborating with the referees to ensure fair play and accurate decisions.

- Equipment Needed:

  - Flags or handheld signaling devices: Used to indicate if the ball is in or out of bounds.

  - Whistle (optional): Line judges may use a whistle to communicate with the referees or to signal specific situations.

Note: The specific

equipment used may vary depending on the level of play, official guidelines, and personal preferences of the officials.