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The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur (reigned 1526–1530), a Central Asian ruler who was descended from the Turco-Mongol conqueror Timur (the founder of the Timurid Empire) on his father's side and from Chagatai, the second son of the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan, on his mother's side.

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The Mughal Empire was founded in 1526 by Babur (r. 1526–1530), a chieftain warrior of Andijan. He employed military aid in the form of matchlock guns and cast cannon from the Ottoman Empire,Lodhil and his superior strategy and cavalry to defeat the Sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodhi, in the First Battle of Panipat, and to sweep down the plains of Upper India, subduing Rajputs and Afghans.The Mughal imperial structure, however, is sometimes dated to 1600, to the rule of Babur's grandson, Akbar (r. 1556–1605).This imperial structure lasted until 1720, until shortly after the death of the last major emperor, Aurangzeb (r. 1658–1707), during whose reign the empire also achieved its maximum geographical extent. The empire lost significant territory to the conquests of the Maratha Empire, absorbed as a puppet state, and this continued during the East India Company rule in India. The empire was formally dissolved by the British Raj after the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

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