Answer:

The conquest of Sindh refers to the military campaigns and eventual incorporation of the region of Sindh, located in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent, into various empires and kingdoms throughout history. One notable conquest occurred during the early Islamic period.

In the 8th century, the Umayyad Caliphate, led by Caliph Walid I, initiated the conquest of Sindh. Muhammad bin Qasim, a young Arab general, was sent to subdue the region in 711 AD. The catalyst for the invasion was the alleged mistreatment of Muslim traders in Sindh and the call for help by a local Hindu prince named Raja Dahir's sister.

Key points about the conquest of Sindh:

1. **Muhammad bin Qasim's Campaign:**

- Muhammad bin Qasim led a successful military campaign, defeating Raja Dahir's forces at the Battle of Aror.

- The city of Debal fell to the Arabs, and Qasim advanced further into Sindh.

2. **Fall of Sindh:**

- Muhammad bin Qasim captured major cities, including Nirun (modern Hyderabad) and Multan, establishing Arab rule in the region.

- The strategic port city of Debal was conquered, marking a significant victory.

3. **Administrative Changes:**

- Despite the military conquest, the Arab rulers allowed significant religious and cultural autonomy to the local population.

- Sindh became a province of the Umayyad Caliphate.

4. **Legacy:**

- The conquest of Sindh had a lasting impact on the history and culture of the region, influencing the introduction of Islam to the Indian subcontinent.

- Muhammad bin Qasim is often remembered as a key figure in this historical episode.

It's important to note that Sindh has witnessed various historical conquests and changes in rulership over the centuries, with different empires and dynasties leaving their mark on the region. The Umayyad conquest, however, is a significant chapter in the history of Sindh.

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Explanation:

The conquest of Sindh refers to the historical event when the Arab Muslims under the command of Muhammad bin Qasim conquered the region of Sindh, which is now a part of present-day Pakistan. This conquest took place in the early 8th century and marked the first Arab invasion of the Indian subcontinent. The conquest of Sindh had significant political, cultural, and religious implications as it brought the region under Muslim rule and paved the way for the spread of Islam in the Indian subcontinent. It also led to the integration of Sindh into the wider Islamic world and influenced its history and culture.

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