What is [tex]\large{METALLURGY}[/tex]? Explain the extraction of metals of different reactivity. Explain the process of extraction and refining of metals.
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➡ METALLURGY :- It is the term in which the extraction of metals from their ores and then refining them for use is known as METALLURGY.
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✨ EXTRACTION OF METALS :-
As we know that Some metals are found in the Earth's crust in the free state. Some are found in the form of their compounds . The metals at the bottom of the activity series are the least reactive. They are often found in a free state.
EXAMPLE :- gold, silver, platinum, and copper are found in the free state. Copper and silver are also found in the combined state as their sulphide or oxide ores.
➡ The metals at the top of the activity series ( K, Na , Ca, Mg, and Al ) are so reactive that they are never found in nature as free elements.
➡ The metals in the middle of the activity series ( Zn, Fe, Pb, etc. ) are moderately reactive.
✨ { Found in the Earth's crust mainly as oxides, sulphides, or carbonates.
➡ The metals in the low activity series are unreactive. The oxides of the metals can be reduced to metals by heating alone.
EXAMPLE :- Cinnabar ( HgS ) is an ore of mercury.
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✔ There are various ways for refining a metal and make them as a pure metal . Which refining method is to be chosen will depend on the physical and chemical properties of a particular metal.
( i ) Distillation
➡ The impure metal is heated beyond its melting point in a furnace and the vapors are reconverted to metals once the impurities are separated.
( ii ) Electrolytic Refining
➡ In this process, the impure metal is the anode. The cathode is a sheet of the pure metal. The electrolyte is the solution of the salt of the same metal. Then we pass an electric current through the solution. The pure metal from the anode will dissolve in the electrolyte bath and then collect at the anode. The impurities will either dissolve or be found in a heap at the base of the anode.
( iii ) Chromatographic Method
➡ In this process, impure metal is put in a medium (liquid or a gas). Then we move the medium through an absorbent. Different components of the impure metal are will absorb at different levels. And then the components that were absorbed are removed by using a suitable solvent.
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