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Date December 8, 1941 – May 8, 1942 Location Commonwealth of the Philippines Result Japanese victory Territorial changes Japanese occupation of the Philippines Belligerents Japan United States Philippines Commanders and leaders Masaharu Homma Hideyoshi Obata Ibō Takahashi Nishizō Tsukahara Douglas MacArthur Jonathan Wainwright Surrendered George Parker Surrendered Manuel L. Quezon Basilio J. Valdes Strength 112,000 troops[1] 90 tanks 541 aircraft 151,000 troops[2] 108 tanks[3] 277 aircraft[4] Casualties and losses Japanese source:[5] 11,225 4,130 killed 287 missing 6,808 wounded US estimate:[6] 17,000–19,000 7,000 killed or wounded 10,000–12,000 dead of disease 146,000[7] 25,000 killed 21,000 wounded 100,000 captured The Japanese launched the invasion by sea from Formosa, over 200 miles (320 km) north of the Philippines. The defending forces outnumbered the Japanese 3-2 but were a mixed force of non-combat experienced regular, national guard, constabulary and newly created Commonwealth units. The Japanese used first-line troops at the outset of the campaign, and by concentrating their forces, they swiftly overran most of Luzon during the first month. The Japanese high command, believing that they had won the campaign, made a strategic decision to advance by a month their timetable of operations in Borneo and Indonesia and to withdraw their best division and the bulk of their airpower in early January 1942.[8] That, coupled with the defenders' decision to withdraw into a defensive holding position in the Bataan Peninsula and also the defeat of three Japanese battalions at the "Battle of the Points" and "Battle of the Pockets", enabled the Americans and Filipinos to hold out for four more months. After the Japanese failure to penetrate the Bataan defensive perimeter in February the Japanese conducted a 40-day siege. The crucial large natural harbor and port facilities of Manila Bay were denied to the Japanese until May 1942. While the Dutch East Indies operations were unaffected this heavily hindered the Japanese offensive operations in New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, buying time for the U.S. Navy to make plans to engage the Japanese at Guadalcanal instead of much further east.[9] Japan's conquest of the Philippines is often considered the worst military defeat in US history.[10] About 23,000 American military personnel, and about 100,000 Filipino soldiers were killed or captured