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It is commonly said that there are only two guarantees in life — death and taxes — but what can be more taxing than the prospect of one’s own death? Ceasing to exist is an overwhelmingly terrifying thought and it is one which has plagued individuals for centuries. This ancient stressor has been addressed over time by a number of different religious explanations and affirmations. Arguably, this capacity to provide answers for fundamental questions is what defines religion. For instance, under Hindu belief one’s soul lives on after biological death and is reborn in a new body. Under Christian belief one can expect to live in a heavenly paradise once one’s time runs out on earth. These are just two examples, but the extension of the self beyond its physical expiration date is a common thread in religious texts.

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In September 2015, Governments adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: a comprehensive, far-reaching and people-centered set of universal and transformative goals and targets. Governments envisage a world in which every country enjoys sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth and decent work for all. A world of over 9 billion people in which consumption and production patterns and use of all natural resources — from air to land, from deserts to forests, from rivers, lakes and aquifers to oceans and seas and from frozen tundra to expanding towns and cities — is sustainable. One in which democracy, good governance and the rule of law, as well as an enabling environment at national and international levels, which are essential for sustainable development, includes sustained and inclusive economic growth, social development, environmental protection and the eradication of poverty and hunger as well as respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. One in which development and the application of technology is climate-sensitive, respects biodiversity and is resilient. One in which humanity lives in harmony with nature and in which wildlife and other living species are protected.

Today, over 80 percent of people worldwide identify with an estimated 4,300 religious or spiritual communities and even more cultural traditions which influence how these people see and treat the world around them: what they eat and drink; when they work and have children; where they live and travel or even when they select a particular course of education and pass time. Religious values and practices are deeply entwined in the fabric of daily lives, and the leaders of churches, mosques, temples, and other religious communities play an important role in shaping attitudes, opinions, and behaviors for management and use of the environment and natural resources and for sustainable development overall. Faith leaders, representing 24 belief traditions from around the world, including Buddhism, Confucianism, Christianity, Daoism, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, Sikhism and Shintoism, declared in Bristol in September 2015, their support in the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

Culture, in its manifold expressions ranging from cultural heritage to cultural and creative industries and cultural tourism, is both an enabler and a driver of the economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainable development. The social cohesion and wellbeing of many cultures face common threats from, for example: urbanization and relocation, which impact traditional ways of life and livelihoods; and well-intended but misguided development initiatives, which threaten the human rights and sustainable practices. It is, therefore, so important to understand all aspects of people’s cultures – not just the economics or logistics, but the beliefs and spiritual practices. Diversity must be promoted, while respecting human rights and fundamental freedoms for all. This is the spirit of the UN Decade for the rapprochement of Cultures.

There is growing recognition that traditional knowledge and customary sustainable use underpin indigenous peoples’ and local communities’ resilience to environmental change, including climate change, as well as contribute directly to biological and cultural diversity, and global sustainable development. Sustainable livelihoods, cultural heritage and the knowledge of indigenous peoples can be threatened for example, by action to combat biodiversity loss and climate change. Conversely, when respectful relationshipsare built with indigenous peoples, their sustainable management of their resources can enhance national and global action on climate change, as well as significantly contribute to conservation, sustainable use and the equitable sharing of benefits arising from biodiversity.

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