stages in purifying crude oil and list of sub products and their uses in our daily life
I need maximum 5 pages information.
who answers first and correct without any mistakes will be marked as BRAINLIEST
I need maximum 5 pages information.
who answers first and correct without any mistakes will be marked as BRAINLIEST
Answers & Comments
Answer:
Petroleum refineries change crude oil into petroleum products for use as fuels for transportation, heating, paving roads, and generating electricity and as feedstocks for making chemicals.
Refining breaks crude oil down into its various components, which are then selectively reconfigured into new products. Petroleum refineries are complex and expensive industrial facilities. All refineries have three basic steps:
Separation
Conversion
Treatment
Separation
Modern separation involves piping crude oil through hot furnaces. The resulting liquids and vapours are discharged into distillation units. All refineries have atmospheric distillation units, while more complex refineries may have vacuum distillation units.
Diagram of a refinery distillation column and major products produced.
Inside the distillation units, the liquids and vapours separate into petroleum components called fractions according to their boiling points. Heavy fractions are on the bottom and light fractions are on the top.
The lightest fractions, including gasoline and liquefied refinery gases, vaporize and rise to the top of the distillation tower, where they condense back to liquids.
Medium weight liquids, including kerosene and distillates, stay in the middle of the distillation tower.
Heavier liquids, called gas oils, separate lower down in the distillation tower, while the heaviest fractions with the highest boiling points settle at the bottom of the tower.
Conversion
After distillation, heavy, lower-value distillation fractions can be processed further into lighter, higher-value products such as gasoline. This is where fractions from the distillation units are transformed into streams (intermediate components) that eventually become finished products.
The most widely used conversion method is called cracking because it uses heat, pressure, catalysts, and sometimes hydrogen to crack heavy hydrocarbon molecules into lighter ones. A cracking unit consists of one or more tall, thick-walled, rocket-shaped reactors and a network of furnaces, heat exchangers, and other vessels. Complex refineries may have one or more types of crackers, including fluid catalytic cracking units and hydrocracking /hydrocracker units.
Cracking is not the only form of crude oil conversion. Other refinery processes rearrange molecules to add value rather than splitting molecules.
Richmond Refinery, Fluid Catalytic Cracking Distillation Column.
Fluid catalytic cracking distillation unit
Source: Chevron (copyrighted)
Caltex, Star Petroleum Refinery, Refining workers overlook refinery
Refining workers overlooking a refinery
Source: Chevron (copyrighted)
Alkylation, for example, makes gasoline components by combining some of the gaseous byproducts of cracking. The process, which essentially is cracking in reverse, takes place in a series of large, horizontal vessels and tall, skinny towers.
Reforming uses heat, moderate pressure, and catalysts to turn naphtha, a light, relatively low-value fraction, into high-octane gasoline components.
Treatment
The finishing touches occur during the final treatment. To make gasoline, refinery technicians carefully combine a variety of streams from the processing units. Octane level, vapor pressure ratings, and other special considerations determine the gasoline blend.
Storage
Both incoming crude oil and the outgoing final products are stored temporarily in large tanks on a tank farm near the refinery. Pipelines, trains, and trucks carry the final products from the storage tanks to other locations across the country.
Separation, conversion, and treatment are the three main types of operations carried out to refine the oil into finished products.
Separation
Through atmospheric distillation, molecules are separated in the first step. At the bottom of a 60-meter distillation column, the oil is heated to a temperature of 350 to 400 °C, which causes it to vaporize. The molecules in the vapors condense as they rise into liquids, which are collected on trays that are positioned at various heights of the column and become lighter as they rise in the column.
Conversion
After the separation process, there are still a lot of hydrocarbon molecules that are too heavy. The heavy molecules are "cracked" into two or lighter ones to satisfy consumer demand for lighter products.75% of the heavy products are transformed into gas, gasoline, and diesel by this process. By adding hydrogen, a procedure known as hydrocracking, or by using deep conversion to remove carbon, the yield can be increased even more.
Treating
Treatment entails removing or significantly reducing air pollution-causing or corrosive molecules, particularly sulfur. These actions are taken to enhance air quality and maximize the efficiency of exhaust gas treatment devices called catalytic converters.
There is a particular use for each refined petroleum product made from crude oil:
For more such questions on Crude Oil: https://brainly.in/question/6814700
#SPJ2