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In the human digestive system, large organic masses are broken down into smaller particles that the body can use as fuel. This is a complex process. The breakdown of the nutrients requires the coordination of several enzymes secreted from specialized cells within the mouth, stomach, intestines, and liver. The major organs or structures that coordinate digestion within the human body include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and liver.
In the human digestive system, large organic masses are broken down into smaller particles that the body can use as fuel. This is a complex process. The breakdown of the nutrients requires the coordination of several enzymes secreted from specialized cells within the mouth, stomach, intestines, and liver. The major organs or structures that coordinate digestion within the human body include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and liver. Mouth
In the human body, the mouth (oral cavity) is a specialized organ for receiving food and breaking up large organic masses. In the mouth, food is changed mechanically by biting and chewing. Humans have four kinds of teeth: incisors are chisel-shaped teeth in the front of the mouth for biting; canines are pointed teeth for tearing; and premolars and molars are flattened, ridged teeth for grinding, pounding, and crushing food. Esophagus
The esophagus is a thick-walled muscular tube located behind the windpipe that extends through the neck and chest to the stomach. The bolus of food moves through the esophagus by peristalsis: a rhythmic series of muscular contractions that propels the bolus along. The contractions are assisted by the pull of gravity.
Stomach
The esophagus joins the stomach at a point just below the diaphragm. A valvelike ring of muscle called the cardiac sphincter surrounds the opening to the stomach. The sphincter relaxes as the bolus passes through and then quickly closes.
The stomach is an expandable pouch located high in the abdominal cavity. Layers of stomach muscle contract and churn the bolus of food with gastric juices to form a soupy liquid called chyme.
Small intestine
The soupy mixture called chyme spurts from the stomach through a sphincter into the small intestine. An adult’s small intestine is about 23 feet long and is divided into three sections: the first 10 to 12 inches form the duodenum; the next 10 feet form the jejunum; and the final 12 feet form the ileum. The inner surface of the small intestine contains numerous fingerlike projections called villi (the singular is villus). Each villus has projections of cells called microvilli to increase the surface area.
Large intestine
The small intestine joins the large intestine in the lower-right abdomen of the body. The two organs meet at a blind sac called the cecum and a small fingerlike organ called the appendix.Evolutionary biologists believe the cecum and appendix are vestiges of larger organs that may have been functional in human ancestors.
Liver
The liver has an important function in processing the products of human digestion. For example, cells of the liver remove excess glucose from the bloodstream and convert the glucose to a polymer called glycogen for storage.
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In the human digestive system, large organic masses are broken down into smaller particles that the body can use as fuel. This is a complex process. The breakdown of the nutrients requires the coordination of several enzymes secreted from specialized cells within the mouth, stomach, intestines, and liver. The major organs or structures that coordinate digestion within the human body include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and liver.
Mouth
In the human body, the mouth (oral cavity) is a specialized organ for receiving food and breaking up large organic masses. In the mouth, food is changed mechanically by biting and chewing. Humans have four kinds of teeth: incisors are chisel-shaped teeth in the front of the mouth for biting; canines are pointed teeth for tearing; and premolars and molars are flattened, ridged teeth for grinding, pounding, and crushing food.
Esophagus
The esophagus is a thick-walled muscular tube located behind the windpipe that extends through the neck and chest to the stomach. The bolus of food moves through the esophagus by peristalsis: a rhythmic series of muscular contractions that propels the bolus along. The contractions are assisted by the pull of gravity.
Stomach
The esophagus joins the stomach at a point just below the diaphragm. A valvelike ring of muscle called the cardiac sphincter surrounds the opening to the stomach. The sphincter relaxes as the bolus passes through and then quickly closes.
The stomach is an expandable pouch located high in the abdominal cavity. Layers of stomach muscle contract and churn the bolus of food with gastric juices to form a soupy liquid called chyme.
Small intestine
The soupy mixture called chyme spurts from the stomach through a sphincter into the small intestine. An adult’s small intestine is about 23 feet long and is divided into three sections: the first 10 to 12 inches form the duodenum; the next 10 feet form the jejunum; and the final 12 feet form the ileum. The inner surface of the small intestine contains numerous fingerlike projections called villi (the singular is villus). Each villus has projections of cells called microvilli to increase the surface area.
Large intestine
The small intestine joins the large intestine in the lower-right abdomen of the body. The two organs meet at a blind sac called the cecum and a small fingerlike organ called the appendix.Evolutionary biologists believe the cecum and appendix are vestiges of larger organs that may have been functional in human ancestors.
Liver
The liver has an important function in processing the products of human digestion. For example, cells of the liver remove excess glucose from the bloodstream and convert the glucose to a polymer called glycogen for storage.
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