Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
The late Roman bureaucracy, both the higher and middle echelons, was a comparatively affluent group because it drew the bulk of its salary in gold and invested much of this in buying up assets like land. There was of course also a great deal of corruption, especially in the judicial system and in the administration of military supplies. But government intervened repeatedly to curb these forms of corruption. Yet a strong tradition of Roman law had emerged by the fourth century, and this acted as a brake on even the most fearsome emperors. Emperors were not free to do whatever they liked, and the law was actively used to protect civil rights. That is why in the later fourth century it was possible for powerful bishops like Ambrose to confront equally powerful emperors when they were excessively harsh or repressive in their handling of the civilian population.
(i) What was the main reason of corruption in administration of the Roman Empire?
(ii) What was the role of the Roman government in handling corruption that was widespread among the higher bureaucracy and provincial governors? (iii) What do you know about law system of the Roman Empire?
The late Roman bureaucracy, both the higher and middle echelons, was a comparatively affluent group because it drew the bulk of its salary in gold and invested much of this in buying up assets like land. There was of course also a great deal of corruption, especially in the judicial system and in the administration of military supplies. But government intervened repeatedly to curb these forms of corruption. Yet a strong tradition of Roman law had emerged by the fourth century, and this acted as a brake on even the most fearsome emperors. Emperors were not free to do whatever they liked, and the law was actively used to protect civil rights. That is why in the later fourth century it was possible for powerful bishops like Ambrose to confront equally powerful emperors when they were excessively harsh or repressive in their handling of the civilian population.
(i) What was the main reason of corruption in administration of the Roman Empire?
(ii) What was the role of the Roman government in handling corruption that was widespread among the higher bureaucracy and provincial governors? (iii) What do you know about law system of the Roman Empire?
Answers & Comments
Answer:
Question 1.
Which were the two powerful empires that ruled over most of Europe?
Answer:
The two powerful empires that ruled over most of Europe were Rome and Iran.
Question 2.
Which sea separates the continents of Europe and Africa?
Answer:
Mediterranean Sea separates the continents of Europe and Africa.
Question 3.
Which rivers made boundaries of the Roman empire from the north side?
Answer:
The boundaries of the Roman empire were surrounded by two great rivers, the Rhine and the Danube.
Question 4.
What is another name of the third century in the Roman empire?
Answer:
The third century of the Roman empire was also called the ‘Early empire’.
Question 5.
Which languages were used for administrative purposes in the early empire of Roman civilization?
Answer:
For the purpose of administration, Latin and Greek were the most widely used languages.
Question 6.
Which languages were spoken in upper classes in east and west of the early empire of Rome?
Answer:
The upper classes of the east spoke and wrote in Greek, those of the west in Latin.
Question 7.
Who had established the regime in 27 BCE?
Answer:
The regime was established by Augustus in 27 BCE. He was the first emperor in 27 BCE.
Question 8.
In which languages was Roman history written?
Answer:
Most of the Roman history was written in Greek and Latin languages by people from a senatorial background.
Question 9.
What was the system to judge the behavior of Emperor in the Roman Empire?
Answer:
The Emperors were judged by how they behaved towards the Senate.
Question 10.
How the Romans had formed their army structure?
Answer:
The Romans had a paid professional army where soldiers had to put in a minimum of 25 years of service.
Question 11.
What do you mean by the ‘Augustan age’?
Answer:
The ‘Augustan age’ meant the reign by Augustus from 27 BCE to 14 CE. His reign is remembered for peace.
Question 12.
What were the great urban centers that lined the shores of the Mediterranean?
Answer:
The great urban centers that lined the shores of the Mediterranean were Carthage, Alexandria and Antioch.
Question 13.
How was the jurisdiction system structured in Italy in the Roman Empire?
Answer:
In the Roman empire there was an urban center with its own magistrates, city council and a ‘territory’ containing villages which were under its jurisdiction.
Question 14.
Who were the main players in the political history of the empire?
Answer:
The emperor, the aristocracy and the army were the three main players in the political history of the empire.
Question 15.
Who was Tiberius?
Answer:
Tiberius was the second in the long line of Roman Emperors. His span of rule remained from 14 GE to 37 CE. He was the adopted son of Augustus.
Question 16.
How many emperors ruled in the third century of Rome?
Answer:
Twenty-five emperors ruled in the third century of Rome.
Question 17.
Which type of family was in Roman society?
Answer:
In Roman society there was nuclear form of family.
Question 18.
What was the position of slaves in Roman society in the third century?
Answer:
Slaves were included in the family in Roman society.
Question 19.
What was the legal right of property of women after marriage in Roman society in the third century?
Answer:
The wife did not transfer to her husband’s authority but retained full rights in the property of her natal
family.
Question 20.
How had the marriages been solemnized in Roman society in the third century?
Answer:
Marriages were generally arranged. Women were subject to domination by their husbands.
Question 21.
Who was Augustine?
Answer:
Augustine was the great Catholic bishop who spent most of his life in North Africa.
Question 22.
What was the status of father in Roman families?
Answer:
Father had substantial legal control over their children.
Question 23.
Which languages had been used for writing and reading in Rome during third century?
Answer:
Coptic was spoken in Egypt, Punic and Berber in North Africa, Celtic in Spain and the north-west.
Question 24.
Which language had been used for translation of the Bible?
Answer:
Coptic was used for translation of the Bible by the middle of the third century.
Question 25.
What were Amphorae?
Answer:
Liquids like wine and olive oil transported in containers were called ‘Amphorae
Answer:
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