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1. These two Ph.D. thesis aims to develop a guideline on doctor-patient communication skills based on cultural characteristics of the Southeast Asian context and to develop communication skills training for nurses to enhance their contribution to the informed consent and shared decision-making process, in the same context. These studies started with qualitative methods; including grounded theory methodology, by exploring doctors', patients', medical students', and nurses' perceptions on the current and desired communication skills in which influenced by culture. Based on the results, we design communication skills training and evaluate the training with quantitative methods, using pre and post-test studies. Southeast Asians desired an ideal partnership style in communicating with their doctors. More emphasis on basic skills such as listening to subtle non-verbal cues is needed for doctors and nurses. A guideline on doctor-patient communication tailored to local culture was developed as well as training for nurses using 4CID design to enhance their contribution to the shared decision-making process. Promoting two-way interaction between doctors and patients and between health professionals requires mastering basic skills in communicating with people, such as explorations on the unspoken concern. In the culturally hierarchical context of Indonesia, this two-way interaction is quite a challenge. To generalize our studies to other cultures, more studies with rigorous methods should follow. To promote the use of basic skills in communicating with patients to approach the desired partnership communication style in the Southeast Asian context, we need to use local shreds of evidence.

2. The literature will guide us by heritage our culture in our people like teaching how to write our language

3. Tradition and belief bring harmony because it makes people get together and make peace... It also helps people to understand each other (for people have diff. Beliefs and traditions). It also reminds people of the past where their traditions and beliefs came from...

4. Diversity contributes to unity through the mind that all people are equal besides of different races and culture..because we are all made by God..what state of life we are...

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