From the courtroom, his jail cell and exile 8,000 miles from the Philippines in Newton, Mass., the 50-year-old Benigno S. Aquino Jr. remained an outspoken and implacable foe of President Ferdinand E. Marcos.
His political influence on the archipelago spanned nearly 30 years, though the charismatic opposition leader's elective career came to an abrupt end in September 1972, when Mr. Aquino was arrested after Mr. Marcos declared martial law.
Charged with murder, illegal possession of firearms and subversion, Mr. Aquino stood before a military tribunal almost exactly 10 years ago and refused to defend himself against accusations that carried the death penalty. Instead he used the courtroom as a forum to attack President Marcos.
Accepted 'a Tyrant's Revenge'
Speaking before the military court at the Fort Bonifacio camp near Manila, he said: ''I rather choose to follow my conscience and accept a tyrant's revenge.''
After four years of hearings on charges he denied and an unsuccessful appeal to the Supreme Court, Mr. Aquino was sentenced to death by firing squad in November 1977.
Instead, President Marcos allowed Mr. Aquino to fly to the United States in May 1980 for a coronary bypass operation. Mr. Aquino said at the time that he would be gone three weeks. He remained in this country for three years and became a research fellow at Harvard's Center for International Affairs and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Warned that he might risk assassination if he returned, Mr. Aquino spoke instead of the urgency of his mission.
Moments before his airliner landed in Manila yesterday, he told a reporter: ''We're racing against time. I must convince the President to help me bring democracy back in our country.'' 'Like a Taft in Ohio'
Benigno Simeon Aquino Jr., known always by the nickname Ninoy, was born Nov. 27, 1932, in the Northern province of Tarlac. His grandfather was a general in the Philippine revolution against Spain. His father was a well-known member of the National Assembly and a landowner. Mr. Aquino once observed, ''An Aquino in Tarlac is like a Taft in Ohio.''
At the age of 17, Mr. Aquino became a journalist. In 1954, he got the first interview in four years with Luis Taruc, leader of a Communist-inspired uprising in the mountains of central and southern Luzon. The rebel leader told Mr. Aquino he was ready to cooperate with the new Government of President Ramon Magsaysay, ending a rebellion that had kept the islands under arms since World War II. Within months, Mr. Taruc surrendered.
Mr. Aquino embarked on his political career in 1955 when he was 22, elected as the youngest mayor in the archipelago by his native Concepcion. In 1959, he was elected vice governor of Tarlac province and succeeded to the governorship two years later. Again, he was the youngest such official in the Philippines.
In 1963, he was elected governor in his own right. Around this time, he married Corazon (Cory) Cojuangco, the daughter of one of the largest landowners in the Philippines. Land to the Workers
''A radical rich guy'' was how Governor Aquino described himself. He presided over his father-in-law's 18,000- acre sugar estate and parceled out plots of his inherited land to field and factory workers.
What would ultimately be a political collision course was set in November 1965, after Ferdinand E. Marcos, president of the Philippine senate, quit the ranks of the Liberal Party and was elected President of the country as leader of the Nationalist Party.
One year later, Mr. Aquino became secretary general of the Liberal Party and Mr. Marcos's prime foe. In November 1967, Mr. Aquino won one of eight at-large Senate seats with the highest vote of any candidate. The other seven seats went to Nationalist members or allies.
The boyish Senator Aquino was widely viewed as a likely Presidential candidate in 1973. But in September 1971, Mr. Marcos charged Mr. Aquino with being a Communist. Mr. Marcos was barred from seeking a third term in 1973, but said he would prevent Mr. Aquino from being elected.
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From the courtroom, his jail cell and exile 8,000 miles from the Philippines in Newton, Mass., the 50-year-old Benigno S. Aquino Jr. remained an outspoken and implacable foe of President Ferdinand E. Marcos.
His political influence on the archipelago spanned nearly 30 years, though the charismatic opposition leader's elective career came to an abrupt end in September 1972, when Mr. Aquino was arrested after Mr. Marcos declared martial law.
Charged with murder, illegal possession of firearms and subversion, Mr. Aquino stood before a military tribunal almost exactly 10 years ago and refused to defend himself against accusations that carried the death penalty. Instead he used the courtroom as a forum to attack President Marcos.
Accepted 'a Tyrant's Revenge'
Speaking before the military court at the Fort Bonifacio camp near Manila, he said: ''I rather choose to follow my conscience and accept a tyrant's revenge.''
After four years of hearings on charges he denied and an unsuccessful appeal to the Supreme Court, Mr. Aquino was sentenced to death by firing squad in November 1977.
Instead, President Marcos allowed Mr. Aquino to fly to the United States in May 1980 for a coronary bypass operation. Mr. Aquino said at the time that he would be gone three weeks. He remained in this country for three years and became a research fellow at Harvard's Center for International Affairs and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Warned that he might risk assassination if he returned, Mr. Aquino spoke instead of the urgency of his mission.
Moments before his airliner landed in Manila yesterday, he told a reporter: ''We're racing against time. I must convince the President to help me bring democracy back in our country.'' 'Like a Taft in Ohio'
Benigno Simeon Aquino Jr., known always by the nickname Ninoy, was born Nov. 27, 1932, in the Northern province of Tarlac. His grandfather was a general in the Philippine revolution against Spain. His father was a well-known member of the National Assembly and a landowner. Mr. Aquino once observed, ''An Aquino in Tarlac is like a Taft in Ohio.''
At the age of 17, Mr. Aquino became a journalist. In 1954, he got the first interview in four years with Luis Taruc, leader of a Communist-inspired uprising in the mountains of central and southern Luzon. The rebel leader told Mr. Aquino he was ready to cooperate with the new Government of President Ramon Magsaysay, ending a rebellion that had kept the islands under arms since World War II. Within months, Mr. Taruc surrendered.
Mr. Aquino embarked on his political career in 1955 when he was 22, elected as the youngest mayor in the archipelago by his native Concepcion. In 1959, he was elected vice governor of Tarlac province and succeeded to the governorship two years later. Again, he was the youngest such official in the Philippines.
In 1963, he was elected governor in his own right. Around this time, he married Corazon (Cory) Cojuangco, the daughter of one of the largest landowners in the Philippines. Land to the Workers
''A radical rich guy'' was how Governor Aquino described himself. He presided over his father-in-law's 18,000- acre sugar estate and parceled out plots of his inherited land to field and factory workers.
What would ultimately be a political collision course was set in November 1965, after Ferdinand E. Marcos, president of the Philippine senate, quit the ranks of the Liberal Party and was elected President of the country as leader of the Nationalist Party.
One year later, Mr. Aquino became secretary general of the Liberal Party and Mr. Marcos's prime foe. In November 1967, Mr. Aquino won one of eight at-large Senate seats with the highest vote of any candidate. The other seven seats went to Nationalist members or allies.
The boyish Senator Aquino was widely viewed as a likely Presidential candidate in 1973. But in September 1971, Mr. Marcos charged Mr. Aquino with being a Communist. Mr. Marcos was barred from seeking a third term in 1973, but said he would prevent Mr. Aquino from being elected.
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