Q.12

Q.13The latent heat of fusion implies the transformation of a liquid to a solid. The latent heat of vaporization implies the change from a liquid to a gas. The latent heat of sublimation implies the change from a solid to a gas.

Q.14The boiling point is the temperature at which a material changes from a liquid to a gas (boils) while the melting point is the temperature at which a material changes from a solid to a liquid (melts). Keep in mind that a material's melting point is the same as its freezing point.

Q.15The temperature remains constant because heat produced gets used up in changing the state of matter by overcoming the forces of attraction present between the particles.

Q.16Kelvin

Kelvin is an absolute scale for measurement of temperature and unlike others (°C and °F) the scale can be used to measure extreme low and high values of temperature. There is no maximum and minimum temperature that the scale can measure and that makes it the best scale.

Q.17Thermometers measure temperature according to well-defined scales of measurement. The three most common temperature scales are Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin. Temperature scales are created by identifying two reproducible temperatures. The freezing and boiling temperatures of water at standard atmospheric pressure are commonly used.

Q.18

Q.19When temperature is decreased to 0oC, water turns into ice. Whereas, when temperature is increased to 100oC, water is converted to steam. Water as steam has more latent heat than water in liquid and solid form. Hence, water as steam can cause severe burns while water as ice has a cooling effect.

Q.20The rate of evaporation depends on surface area, temperature, humidity and speed of the wind. It increases with increase in surface area, temperature, and wind speed. But it decreases with increase in humidity.

Q.21As air rises upwards it expands and cool down and then it stops rising when it matches the temperature of surrounding air.Cool air can't hold moisture as much as warm air. So moisture condenses into droplets of water and thus forming cloud.

Q.22Evaporation causes cooling is general process. the principle involved here is the matter must either gain or lose energy to change its state. Here molecules move from liquid to gaseous state and so it needs potential energy and kinetic energy.Hence evaporation causes cooling effect.Some examples are as follows: 1. when tea is poured into a saucer when it is very hot it is exposed to a large area and causes evaporation n the tea becomes cool. 2.In summer seasons the water gets cool in a earthen pot because it has fine pores in it through which water seeps out gets evaporated .

Step-by-step explanation:

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