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Air pollution refers to any physical, chemical or biological change in the air. It is the contamination of air by harmful gases, dust and smoke which affects plants, animals and humans drastically.

There is a certain percentage of gases present in the atmosphere. An increase or decrease in the composition of these gases is harmful to survival. This imbalance in the gaseous composition has resulted in an increase in earth’s temperature, which is known as global warming.

One of the major sources of air pollution in China and India is from sulfur-dioxide emissions. The major contributor to the sulfur- dioxide emissions is due to increased coal consumption in the industrial sectors in both countries. More than 70% of China's energy still comes from brown coal, the dirtiest fuel of all. Clouds that do form in these polluted environments are less likely to rain and more likely to persist because the droplets are smaller. These longer-lived clouds further cool the surface and weaken the circulation. In this way more air pollution can mean weakening of monsoonal systems.

Long-term health effects from air pollution include heart disease, lung cancer, and respiratory diseases such as emphysema. Air pollution can also cause long-term damage to people's nerves, brain, kidneys, liver, and other organs. Some scientists suspect air pollutants cause birth defects.

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Explanation:

Air pollution and flooding are major environmental challenges that India and China face due to various causes, including rapid industrialization, urbanization, and climate change. Air pollution is caused by emissions from industries, vehicles, and burning of fossil fuels. The release of pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter can lead to respiratory problems, including asthma, bronchitis, and lung cancer, and can be especially destructive to vulnerable populations such as children, elderly people, and those with existing health conditions.

In addition to air pollution, heavy rainfall during the monsoon season can cause severe flooding in India and China, leading to loss of life, displacement of people, and damage to infrastructure. The effects of flooding can be devastating, including water-borne diseases, food shortages, and the destruction of crops, leading to economic hardship for farmers and communities.

Furthermore, air pollution and flooding can exacerbate each other's effects. For instance, during periods of heavy rainfall, air pollutants can be washed into water bodies, leading to further contamination and ecological damage. In turn, flooding can exacerbate air pollution by disrupting transportation, causing traffic jams, and leading to increased emissions from vehicles and other sources.

To mitigate the causes and effects of air pollution and flooding, governments, organizations, and individuals need to take action by implementing sustainable policies, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, promoting renewable energy, and investing in infrastructure that can withstand the impacts of climate change. By working together, we can create healthier and safer environments for present and future generations