Brexit has reduced UK trade openness, foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows, and immigration growth.
New border frictions and higher transport costs pose new barriers to trade
FDI inflows are unlikely to return to levels reached in the 1990s and 2000s.
EU lost about one-sixth of its economic power and a far greater share of its foreign and security policy weight with the exit of a country which has considerable global influence.
(reduced investment and recession) and manpower issues (migrated workforces and skilled worker shortages).
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