II. DIRECTIONS: Fill in the blanks with correct grammatical signals suitable for the pattern of idea development below. Choose the answer in each parenthesis. The COVID-19 vaccines that are currently in development or have been approved are expected to provide at least some protection against new virus variants _______9. (on the other hand, because) these vaccines elicit a broad immune response involving a range of antibodies and cells. _________10.(Therefore, While), changes or mutations in the virus should not make vaccines completely ineffective. In the event that any of these vaccines prove to be less effective against one or more variants, it will be possible to change the composition of the vaccines to protect against these variants. ________11. (While, Moreover), we are learning more. We need to do everything possible to stop the spread of the virus in order to prevent mutations that may reduce the efficacy of existing vaccines. In addition, manufacturers and the programs using the vaccines may have to adjust to the evolution of the COVID-19 virus: __________12. (for example, however), vaccines may need to incorporate more than one strain when in development, booster shots may be required, and other vaccine changes may be needed. Trials must also be designed and maintained to allow any changes in efficacy to be assessed and must be of sufficient scale and diversity to enable clear interpretation of results. Studies of the impact of vaccines _________13. (but, as) they are also essential in order to understand their impact.


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