communication-focused. Once more, we see a problem. Our example could relate to psychology or spirituality or education; there’s no obvious communication link. Third, a hypothesis must be theory-oriented. Returning to our example, we find a verb, “teaches,” that fails to reflect specific language from communication theory. Once more, this hypothesis would not work. Thus, this exercise: Our goal is to write a clear hypothesis that meets the standards of significance, communication-focus, and theory-orientation. Toward that end,