Four stages are included in the AR formation process (Figure 1): activation of competent cells, cell cycle reactivation, AR primordium formation, and AR outgrowth (Legué et al., 2014). Previous studies have suggested that the formation of AR is controlled by multiple endogenous and exogenous factors (Gonin et al., 2019). Among these, phytohormones play an important role (Pacurar et al., 2014), and auxin seems to be the master regulator controlling AR formation, as it responds to rooting-competent tissue, plays a decisive role in cell fate, and activates signaling regulatory networks (Druege et al., 2016).
Compared to seed propagation, clonal propagation is a simpler, faster, and more efficient method to rapidly expand millions of cuttings from elite germplasms (Gonin et al., 2019; Solgi et al., 2022). Adventitious roots (AR) formed from above-ground organs such as stems and leaves are crucial for clonal propagation, which is mainly controlled by the balance of endogenous and exogenous hormones (Lakehal and Bellini, 2019). Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of AR formation in woody species is important for large-scale vegetative propagation of economically and horticulturally important tree species.
Due to the recalcitrance of AR formation in many tree species, the application of exogenous hormones becomes a major approach for optimizing clonal propagation (Legué et al., 2014). Here, we focused on woody species and compared the selection and dosages of exogenous hormones that promote AR formation in cuttings or tissue culture. In addition, we proposed the opinion of promoting AR formation by balancing endogenous and exogenous hormones, thereby accelerating the tree breeding process.
Adventitious root formation is controlled by endogenous hormonal balance
Four stages are included in the AR formation process (Figure 1): activation of competent cells, cell cycle reactivation, AR primordium formation, and AR outgrowth (Legué et al., 2014). Previous studies have suggested that the formation of AR is controlled by multiple endogenous and exogenous factors (Gonin et al., 2019). Among these, phytohormones play an important role (Pacurar et al., 2014), and auxin seems to be the master regulator controlling AR formation, as it responds to rooting-competent tissue, plays a decisive role in cell fate, and activates signaling regulatory networks (Druege et al., 2016).
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Four stages are included in the AR formation process (Figure 1): activation of competent cells, cell cycle reactivation, AR primordium formation, and AR outgrowth (Legué et al., 2014). Previous studies have suggested that the formation of AR is controlled by multiple endogenous and exogenous factors (Gonin et al., 2019). Among these, phytohormones play an important role (Pacurar et al., 2014), and auxin seems to be the master regulator controlling AR formation, as it responds to rooting-competent tissue, plays a decisive role in cell fate, and activates signaling regulatory networks (Druege et al., 2016).
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Introduction
Compared to seed propagation, clonal propagation is a simpler, faster, and more efficient method to rapidly expand millions of cuttings from elite germplasms (Gonin et al., 2019; Solgi et al., 2022). Adventitious roots (AR) formed from above-ground organs such as stems and leaves are crucial for clonal propagation, which is mainly controlled by the balance of endogenous and exogenous hormones (Lakehal and Bellini, 2019). Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of AR formation in woody species is important for large-scale vegetative propagation of economically and horticulturally important tree species.
Due to the recalcitrance of AR formation in many tree species, the application of exogenous hormones becomes a major approach for optimizing clonal propagation (Legué et al., 2014). Here, we focused on woody species and compared the selection and dosages of exogenous hormones that promote AR formation in cuttings or tissue culture. In addition, we proposed the opinion of promoting AR formation by balancing endogenous and exogenous hormones, thereby accelerating the tree breeding process.
Adventitious root formation is controlled by endogenous hormonal balance
Four stages are included in the AR formation process (Figure 1): activation of competent cells, cell cycle reactivation, AR primordium formation, and AR outgrowth (Legué et al., 2014). Previous studies have suggested that the formation of AR is controlled by multiple endogenous and exogenous factors (Gonin et al., 2019). Among these, phytohormones play an important role (Pacurar et al., 2014), and auxin seems to be the master regulator controlling AR formation, as it responds to rooting-competent tissue, plays a decisive role in cell fate, and activates signaling regulatory networks (Druege et al., 2016).
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