Answer:

1. Geography is the study of the Earth's physical features, climate, and the distribution of plants, animals, and human populations. It examines the relationships between people and their environments, as well as the spatial patterns and processes that shape our world.

2. Physical geography focuses on the natural aspects of the Earth, such as landforms, climate, vegetation, and ecosystems. It explores the physical processes that shape the Earth's surface, such as plate tectonics, weathering, and erosion.

On the other hand, human geography studies the interactions between humans and their environment. It examines topics such as population distribution, migration, cultural landscapes, urbanization, and economic activities. Human geography explores how human societies shape and are shaped by their surroundings.

3. A topographic map is a detailed representation of the Earth's surface, showing the elevation and shape of the land. It uses contour lines to depict changes in elevation, allowing users to visualize the terrain and features like mountains, valleys, rivers, and lakes. Topographic maps are essential tools for navigation, land surveying, and understanding the physical characteristics of an area.

4. Climate refers to the long-term patterns of weather conditions in a particular region. It encompasses factors such as temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind patterns, and atmospheric pressure. Geographic factors, such as latitude, altitude, proximity to water bodies, and landforms, influence climate. For example, regions near the equator generally have warmer climates, while higher altitudes tend to have cooler temperatures.

5. Climate change refers to long-term shifts in global or regional climate patterns, primarily attributed to human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. It leads to alterations in temperature, precipitation patterns, sea levels, and extreme weather events. The impacts of climate change on the environment include melting glaciers, rising sea levels, loss of biodiversity, and changes in ecosystems. Additionally, it affects human life by influencing agriculture, water resources, public health, and socio-economic systems, potentially leading to displacement, food insecurity, and increased vulnerability to natural disasters. Addressing climate change is a global challenge that requires collective efforts to mitigate its effects and adapt to the changing conditions.