Communist parties have been distinguisged by a distinctive oraganizational form, a characteristic political ideology, and an intergral conception of membership. Organizationally communist parties have practiced ‘democratic centalism.’ This subordination of all decisions by lower-ranking bodies to the will of central leaders has nearly precluded successful internal opposition. Ideologically communist parties have been distinguished by adherence to Marxism–Leninism, according to which the working class can survive only by eliminating capitalism in alliance with small holders under communist leadership. Conceptually communists have defined their political identities by an all-or-nothing commitment to their party. These traits reprise the development of the Soviet Communist Party, the original model, with whose downfall most other communist parties have undergone servere decline.

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