1. The Japanese (bombed/had bombed) some Philippine military
installations in 1941.
2. The Japanese (declared/had declared) war during the Pearl Harbor
incident.
3. The Filipinos and Americans (failed/had failed) to protect the country
from the powerfully armed invaders.
4. The secretary (called, had called) the president before he talked to the
soldiers.
5. General MacArthur called President Quezon after he (arrived, had
arrived) at the place.