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Protein synthesis is the process by which cells produce proteins, which are essential for various functions in the body. This process occurs in the cell's cytoplasm and is carried out by two major steps: transcription and translation.

Transcription is the process of copying a segment of DNA, also known as a gene, into a strand of RNA (ribonucleic acid) in the nucleus of the cell. This RNA strand is called mRNA (messenger RNA) and it carries the genetic information of the gene to the cytoplasm.

Translation is the process of converting the genetic information carried by the mRNA into a protein. This process occurs on the ribosomes, which are structures present in the cytoplasm. The mRNA interacts with the ribosomes to form a protein. The ribosomes read the sequence of codons, which are specific sequences of nucleotides on the mRNA, and translate them into the corresponding amino acids. Each codon on the mRNA is matched to a specific anticodon on a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule. The tRNA molecules have a sequence of three bases known as anticodons which read mRNA codons and bring the corresponding amino acids to the ribosome.

The ribosome reads the codons in groups of three, called codons, and matches them to their corresponding amino acids, which are brought to the ribosome by tRNA. The amino acids are then joined together, one by one, in a specific order, to create a chain. This chain is folded into a specific three-dimensional shape to create a functional protein, depending on the sequence of amino acids and the properties of the R-groups in the amino acids. The process stops when the ribosome reaches a stop codon or "Uracil" which tells the ribosome to stop adding amino acids to the chain. This will help the formation of functional protein.

Overall, protein synthesis is a complex process that requires the coordination of various structures and molecules within the cell to convert genetic information into functional proteins.

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