Explanation:

•The laws of reflection are, The incident ray, reflected ray, and normal to the surface lies in the same plane. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection

•This image that appears to be behind the mirror is called the image. The object is the source of the incident rays, and the image is formed by the reflected rays. An image formed by reflection may be real or virtual. A real image occurs when light rays actually intersect at the image, and is inverted, or upside down.

•The law of reflection states that when a ray of light reflects off a surface, the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

•The relation between focal length (f) and radius of curvature (R) of a spherical mirror is that the focal length is equal to half of the radius of curvature i.e. f=R2. ... We know that rays of light parallel to the principal axis passing through the focus (F) of a concave mirror, after reflection

•Sign Convention for Spherical Mirrors (Concave and Convex Mirrors) Distances are to be measured from the pole (vertex) of the mirror marked by point V in the figure. Distances measured along the direction of the incident ray are positive. The distance measured opposite the direction of the incident ray are negative

Answer:

The laws of reflection are,

The incident ray, reflected ray, and normal to the surface lies in the same plane.

The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection .

Formation of image by reflection.

Diagram is above

Apparatus

A plane mirrors, scale, protractor, thermocol sheet, white paper, pins.

Procedure

Fix the white paper on the thermocol sheet with the help of pins.

Place the mirror near to one edge of the paper and mark its position.

Place two pins vertically on one side of the normal so that line joining two pins make an angle of approximately 30 degree with the normal.

See image of two pins from other side of the normal and place a pin vertically so that it is in line with images of other two pins. Similarly, place one more pin at some distance from this pin.

Extend the lines. Measure angle of incidence and angle of reflection.

Repeat for two more incident angles (say 45 degree and 60 degree).

Now, see the head of the pins in step (3). Raise one of the pin and press another pin. Now repeat step (4) such that images of the pin-head are aligned. Visualise the plane containing incident ray, reflected ray and normal. You may place a paper on this plane. Raise another pin and visualize again.

Relationship between the focal length and radius of curvature.

The relation between focal length (f) and radius of curvature (R) of a spherical mirror is that the focal length is equal to half of the radius of curvature i.e. f=R2. ... We know that rays of light parallel to the principal axis passing through the focus (F) of a concave mirror, after reflection

Sign convention for measurement of distances

Sign Convention for Spherical Mirrors (Concave and Convex Mirrors) Distances are to be measured from the pole (vertex) of the mirror marked by point V in the figure. Distances measured along the direction of the incident ray are positive. The distance measured opposite the direction of the incident ray are negative

Formulae for spherical mirror.

This equation predicts the formation and position of both real and virtual images in thin spherical lenses. It is valid only for paraxial rays, rays close to the optic axis, and does not apply to thick lenses. Also, it can be determined the curvature ratio of the lens.

(objectdistnce)

1

+

(imagedistance)

1

=

(focallength)

1

focal length= curvature/2

the equations are:

0

1

+

1

1

=

f

1

F=

2

r

where:−

O:− object distance

I:− formed image distance

f:− focal length

r:− curvature radius.

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