Mesomeric effect is the stabilization of a molecule with the use of different functional groups or substitutes
Mesomeric effect occurs due to the presence of substituents/ functional groups or conjugated systems.
Negative resonance or mesomeric effect (-M or -R): It is shown by substituents or groups that withdraw electrons by delocalization mechanism from rest of the molecule and are denoted by -M or -R. The electron density on rest of the molecular entity is decreased due to this effect. -NO2, Carbony group (C=O), -C≡N, -COOH, -SO3H etc.
Positive resonance or mesomeric effect (+M or +R): The groups show positive mesomeric effect when they release electrons to the rest of the molecule by delocalization. These groups are denoted by +M or +R. Due to this effect, the electron density on rest of the molecular entity is increased.-OH, -OR, -SH, -SR, -NH2, -NR2 etc
INDUCTIVE EFFECT:
When a covalent bond is formed between atoms of different electronegativity , the electron density is more towards the more electronegative atoms of the bond,such a shift in electron density is called as inductive effect.
The -I effect is seen around a more electronegative atom or group, and electron density is higher there than elsewhere in the molecule. Electron-withdrawing groups include halogen, nitro (−NO2 ), cyano(−CN), carboxy (−COOH), ester(−COOR), and aryloxy (-OAr).
The +I effect is observed among the less electronegative atoms of the molecule by electron-releasing (or electron-donating) groups. The alkyl groups are usually considered electron-releasing (or electron-donating) groups
RESONANCE EFFECT:
Resonance is the concept that describes the interaction between lone electron pairs and bond electron pairs of a molecule that eventually determine the chemical structure of that molecule.
This effect can be observed in molecules having double bonds.
The resonance of molecules causes the polarity of molecules.
The interaction between lone electron pairs on atoms and the pi electron bond pairs of adjacent chemical bonds results in resonances.
Positive Resonance Effect- Positive resonance effect occurs when the groups release electrons to the other molecules by the process of delocalization. The groups are usually denoted by +R or +M. In this process, the molecular electron density increases. For example- -OH, -SH, -OR,-SR.
Negative Resonance Effect- Negative resonance effect occurs when the groups withdraw the electrons from other molecules by the process of delocalization. The groups are usually denoted by -R or -M. In this process, the molecular electron density is said to decrease. For example- -NO2, C=O, -COOH, -C≡N.
Resonance effect is the polarity produced in a molecule due to interaction between a lone pair of electron and a pi bond or it is produced due to interaction of two pi bonds between two adjacent atoms. Resonance effect can be seen in molecules having conjugated double bond or in molecules having at least one lone pair of electrons and one double bond
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Answer:
MESOMERIC EFFECT:
INDUCTIVE EFFECT:
RESONANCE EFFECT:
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Answer:
Resonance effect is the polarity produced in a molecule due to interaction between a lone pair of electron and a pi bond or it is produced due to interaction of two pi bonds between two adjacent atoms. Resonance effect can be seen in molecules having conjugated double bond or in molecules having at least one lone pair of electrons and one double bond
Explanation:
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