CONCEPT

Bias is an unjustified strong feeling in favor of or against an idea or

thing, usually in a way that is closed-minded, prejudicial, or unfair.

Common Types of Bias

1. Information Bias – it arises when key study variables (refers to a

person, place, thing, or phenomenon that the study is trying to measure in

some way) are inaccurately measured or classified.

2. Selection Bias – an error in choosing the individuals or groups to

take part in a study.

Propaganda are pieces of information that are spread for the

purpose of promoting some cause, either true or untruthful to condition the

minds of a certain group or population to serve a particular agenda. It is

commonly used in political campaigns to attract voters, or in advertising to

persuade people to buy a product or services.

Types of Propaganda Devices

1. Card-Stacking Propaganda – it uses only those facts and details

that supports their argument. You will get misled if you do not notice

that important details are missing.

2. Name-Calling Propaganda – it is also called stereotyping or labeling

usually used in politics. In a direct name-calling, there is a direct

attack on the opponent, whereas in an indirect name-calling, it is used

to annoy an audience. Cartoons and photographs are used in name-

calling.​