There are many similarity in the way in which the modern world forced changes in the lives of pastoral communities in India and Africa. These are as follows. 1) All uncultivated land was seen as waste land by the Colonial powers. They used to think that it produced neither revenue nor agricultural produce. So, this land was brought under cultivation by the colonial rulers. 2) In most of the areas the lands taken over were actually grazing tracts used regularly by the pastoralists. So, expansion of cultivated land inevitably meant the decline of pastures and also created a problem for both Indian pastoralists and African pastoralists. 3) From the 19th century onwards, the colonial government started imposing restriction on the pastoral communities. They issued permits which allowed pastoralists to move out with their stocks. Also it was difficult for pastoralists to get permits without trouble and harassment. Those, who were found guilty of disobeying rules, were punished.
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There are many similarity in the way in which the modern world forced changes in the lives of pastoral communities in India and Africa. These are as follows.1) All uncultivated land was seen as waste land by the Colonial powers. They used to think that it produced neither revenue nor agricultural produce. So, this land was brought under cultivation by the colonial rulers.
2) In most of the areas the lands taken over were actually grazing tracts used regularly by the pastoralists. So, expansion of cultivated land inevitably meant the decline of pastures and also created a problem for both Indian pastoralists and African pastoralists.
3) From the 19th century onwards, the colonial government started imposing restriction on the pastoral communities. They issued permits which allowed pastoralists to move out with their stocks. Also it was difficult for pastoralists to get permits without trouble and harassment. Those, who were found guilty of disobeying rules, were punished.