The drum dance combined music, song, dance and story. It was performed by an individual or by a group, depending on the custom of the area. In the eastern arctic the drum (made of animal skin) could be a meter in diameter. It was held in one hand, with the wrist rotating the drum back and forth. As the drum was rotated, its rim was hit with a stick held in the other hand. The drum dancer, who could also be the drummer, moved rhythmically, acting out the imagery of the accompanying song, usually a personal story.
Women in many northern communities, particularly in the eastern and central arctic practiced a form of singing called throat singing. Two women facing each other made guttural and resonant sounds through voice manipulation and breathing techniques. Often, the resulting sounds imitated the sounds of the north - the northern lights, the seashore, the wind - and evoked similar images. Some Inuit created sounds from a goose feather similar to those produce by a juice harp.Today Inuit enjoy community feasts and dances. Drum dances are still common in many Nunavut communities, as are electric guitars and rock and roll bands. Music CD's and music channels on television have introduced the latest pop music groups from around the world to the Inuit culture. While throat singing and traditional dance are practiced by the older Inuit, the younger generation prefer more contemporary styles of music.
The Family: Rules of Kinship
While kinship usually applies to people related either by blood or marriage, the Inuit extended this term to include friends, neighbors and associates. By certain rituals these individuals all became one's relatives.
A common way to unite families in Inuit or any other society is through marriage. Another rite practised in traditional Inuit society was child betrothal; parents customarily pledged their children to a future marriage. This drew the parents of the betrothed children into a kinship alliance, even if the marriage never took place.
Another means by which an individual was made kin was through adoption. Inuit adoption, however, created more than a bond between the adopted child and its new family. It created a link between the new parents and the natural parents. All these new links served to establish bonds of co-operation and trust between previously unrelated people.
Even partnerships, be it wrestling partners or singing or hunting partners, created kinship bonds. The use of namesakes created yet another bond. Naming a child after a recently deceased person meant that the child belonged to two families: the original and that of the namesake.
Today Inuit in most Nunavut communities are closely related. Marriages, extended families and custom adoptions continue to form bonds of kinship. This is not as much a survival mechanism today as it is a vestige of traditional life, and a function of the cultural and geographic landscape.
Nunavut
People have inhabited the Canadian Arctic continuously for the past 4,000 years - in fact the Arctic was the last habitable region of the world to be occupied by people. The people of the Dorset, Thule and Inuit cultures were innovative and learned how to use the limited arctic resources to become self-sufficient. For thousands of years the Inuit and their ancestors made their own clothes, built houses, hunted, fished, and raised their families. They also supplied their own health care, recreation and education, and used dog-teams to travel great distances. When European explorers came to the Arctic looking for a Northwest Passage in the 1570's, they interacted with some Inuit villages, but did not significantly impact the Inuit lifestyle. It was during the 1800's when the whaling industry moved to the Arctic, that the Inuit lifestyle began to change. The whalers, and later on merchants and fur traders, brought new tools and technology to the Inuit, as well as devastating diseases which wiped out entire camps. Inuit life is very different in the Canadian Arctic today. The advent of satellite technology has had a profound effect on isolated Inuit Arctic communities. While strong traditional values and ethics are woven into the fabric of many Nunavut communities, Inuit are now adapting and using home computers, telephones, cable TV and the Internet.
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Music, Singing, and Dance
The drum dance combined music, song, dance and story. It was performed by an individual or by a group, depending on the custom of the area. In the eastern arctic the drum (made of animal skin) could be a meter in diameter. It was held in one hand, with the wrist rotating the drum back and forth. As the drum was rotated, its rim was hit with a stick held in the other hand. The drum dancer, who could also be the drummer, moved rhythmically, acting out the imagery of the accompanying song, usually a personal story.
Women in many northern communities, particularly in the eastern and central arctic practiced a form of singing called throat singing. Two women facing each other made guttural and resonant sounds through voice manipulation and breathing techniques. Often, the resulting sounds imitated the sounds of the north - the northern lights, the seashore, the wind - and evoked similar images. Some Inuit created sounds from a goose feather similar to those produce by a juice harp.Today Inuit enjoy community feasts and dances. Drum dances are still common in many Nunavut communities, as are electric guitars and rock and roll bands. Music CD's and music channels on television have introduced the latest pop music groups from around the world to the Inuit culture. While throat singing and traditional dance are practiced by the older Inuit, the younger generation prefer more contemporary styles of music.
The Family: Rules of Kinship
While kinship usually applies to people related either by blood or marriage, the Inuit extended this term to include friends, neighbors and associates. By certain rituals these individuals all became one's relatives.
A common way to unite families in Inuit or any other society is through marriage. Another rite practised in traditional Inuit society was child betrothal; parents customarily pledged their children to a future marriage. This drew the parents of the betrothed children into a kinship alliance, even if the marriage never took place.
Another means by which an individual was made kin was through adoption. Inuit adoption, however, created more than a bond between the adopted child and its new family. It created a link between the new parents and the natural parents. All these new links served to establish bonds of co-operation and trust between previously unrelated people.
Even partnerships, be it wrestling partners or singing or hunting partners, created kinship bonds. The use of namesakes created yet another bond. Naming a child after a recently deceased person meant that the child belonged to two families: the original and that of the namesake.
Today Inuit in most Nunavut communities are closely related. Marriages, extended families and custom adoptions continue to form bonds of kinship. This is not as much a survival mechanism today as it is a vestige of traditional life, and a function of the cultural and geographic landscape.
Nunavut
People have inhabited the Canadian Arctic continuously for the past 4,000 years - in fact the Arctic was the last habitable region of the world to be occupied by people. The people of the Dorset, Thule and Inuit cultures were innovative and learned how to use the limited arctic resources to become self-sufficient. For thousands of years the Inuit and their ancestors made their own clothes, built houses, hunted, fished, and raised their families. They also supplied their own health care, recreation and education, and used dog-teams to travel great distances. When European explorers came to the Arctic looking for a Northwest Passage in the 1570's, they interacted with some Inuit villages, but did not significantly impact the Inuit lifestyle. It was during the 1800's when the whaling industry moved to the Arctic, that the Inuit lifestyle began to change. The whalers, and later on merchants and fur traders, brought new tools and technology to the Inuit, as well as devastating diseases which wiped out entire camps. Inuit life is very different in the Canadian Arctic today. The advent of satellite technology has had a profound effect on isolated Inuit Arctic communities. While strong traditional values and ethics are woven into the fabric of many Nunavut communities, Inuit are now adapting and using home computers, telephones, cable TV and the Internet.
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