1. Name one monocot & one dicot in which endosperm is present?
- Monocot: Maize (Zea mays)
- Dicot: Castor (Ricinus communis)
2. What is placentation? Describe the various types of placentations found in flowering plants & represent diagrammatically.
- Placentation refers to the arrangement of ovules within the ovary of a flower.
- Various types of placentations include:
a) Marginal placentation: Ovules are attached to the margin or ridge of the ovary.
b) Axile placentation: Ovules are attached to the central axis or column within the ovary.
c) Parietal placentation: Ovules are attached to the inner wall or periphery of the ovary.
d) Free central placentation: Ovules are attached to a central column that is free from the ovary walls.
e) Basal placentation: Ovules are attached at the base of the ovary.
f) Superficial placentation: Ovules are embedded in the inner surface of a hollow ovary.
(Diagrammatic representation of placentation types)
3. Differentiate between epigynous & perigynous flowers.
- Epigynous flowers: In epigynous flowers, the ovary is inferior, meaning it is situated below the attachment of other floral parts (sepals, petals, and stamens).
- Perigynous flowers: In perigynous flowers, the ovary is half-inferior, meaning it is partially embedded within a floral cup formed by the fused bases of sepals, petals, and stamens.
4. Define venation? What are two types of venation?
- Venation refers to the arrangement of veins in the lamina (leaf blade) of a leaf.
- Two types of venation are:
a) Parallel venation: In parallel venation, the veins run parallel to each other from the base to the tip of the leaf. Examples include leaves of monocots like grasses and banana.
b) Reticulate venation: In reticulate venation, the veins form a network-like pattern throughout the leaf. Examples include leaves of dicots like mango and rose.
5. What is the difference between alternate & whorled phyllotaxy?
- Alternate phyllotaxy: In alternate phyllotaxy, a single leaf arises at each node of the stem, and the leaves are arranged in a spiral pattern along the stem.
- Whorled phyllotaxy: In whorled phyllotaxy, three or more leaves arise from the same node of the stem, forming a whorl or circle around the stem.
6. What is a flower? Describe the parts of typical angiospermic plants with the help of a diagram.
- A flower is the reproductive structure of angiospermic plants.
- Parts of a typical flower include:
a) Sepals: Outermost whorl of green, leaf-like structures that protect the flower bud.
b) Petals: Usually colorful and attract pollinators.
c) Stamens: Male reproductive organs consisting of anther and filament.
d) Carpels: Female reproductive organs consisting of stigma, style, and ovary.
e) Receptacle: The swollen tip of the flower stalk where all the floral parts are attached.
(Diagrammatic representation of a typical flower)
7. Draw a well-labeled diagram of V.S. of a maize seed.
- I apologize, but as a text-based AI, I am unable to draw diagrams. However, you can easily find a well-labeled diagram of a vertical section (V.S.) of a maize seed by searching online or referring to your textbook.
8. What is inflorescence? What are its two types?
- Inflorescence refers to the arrangement of flowers on a floral axis or stalk.
- Two types of inflorescence are:
a) Racemose inflorescence: In racemose inflorescence, the main axis continues to grow, producing flowers at its sides. Examples include raceme, panicle, and spike.
b) Cymose inflorescence: In cymose inflorescence, the main axis terminates in a flower, and further growth is arrested. Examples include cyme and umbel.
9. Draw the floral formula & floral diagram of the Solanaceae family.
- I apologize, but as a text-based AI, I am unable to draw diagrams. However, you can easily find the floral formula and floral diagram of the Solanaceae family by searching online or referring to your textbook.
10. What is aestivation? What are its different types? Give examples.
- Aestivation refers to the arrangement of sepals or petals in a floral bud before it opens.
- Different types of aestivation include:
a) Valvate aestivation: Sepals or petals in the bud are touching each other at the margins without overlapping. Example: Calotropis.
b) Twisted aestivation: Sepals or petals in the bud are twisted or overlapped. Example: China rose.
c) Imbricate aestivation: Sepals or petals in the bud overlap each other in a specific pattern. Example: Gulmohar.
d) Vexillary aestivation: One large petal (the "banner" or "standard") covers two smaller petals (the "wings") which enclose two more petals (the "keel"). Example: Pea.
Answers & Comments
Explanation:
1. Name one monocot & one dicot in which endosperm is present?
- Monocot: Maize (Zea mays)
- Dicot: Castor (Ricinus communis)
2. What is placentation? Describe the various types of placentations found in flowering plants & represent diagrammatically.
- Placentation refers to the arrangement of ovules within the ovary of a flower.
- Various types of placentations include:
a) Marginal placentation: Ovules are attached to the margin or ridge of the ovary.
b) Axile placentation: Ovules are attached to the central axis or column within the ovary.
c) Parietal placentation: Ovules are attached to the inner wall or periphery of the ovary.
d) Free central placentation: Ovules are attached to a central column that is free from the ovary walls.
e) Basal placentation: Ovules are attached at the base of the ovary.
f) Superficial placentation: Ovules are embedded in the inner surface of a hollow ovary.
(Diagrammatic representation of placentation types)
3. Differentiate between epigynous & perigynous flowers.
- Epigynous flowers: In epigynous flowers, the ovary is inferior, meaning it is situated below the attachment of other floral parts (sepals, petals, and stamens).
- Perigynous flowers: In perigynous flowers, the ovary is half-inferior, meaning it is partially embedded within a floral cup formed by the fused bases of sepals, petals, and stamens.
4. Define venation? What are two types of venation?
- Venation refers to the arrangement of veins in the lamina (leaf blade) of a leaf.
- Two types of venation are:
a) Parallel venation: In parallel venation, the veins run parallel to each other from the base to the tip of the leaf. Examples include leaves of monocots like grasses and banana.
b) Reticulate venation: In reticulate venation, the veins form a network-like pattern throughout the leaf. Examples include leaves of dicots like mango and rose.
5. What is the difference between alternate & whorled phyllotaxy?
- Alternate phyllotaxy: In alternate phyllotaxy, a single leaf arises at each node of the stem, and the leaves are arranged in a spiral pattern along the stem.
- Whorled phyllotaxy: In whorled phyllotaxy, three or more leaves arise from the same node of the stem, forming a whorl or circle around the stem.
6. What is a flower? Describe the parts of typical angiospermic plants with the help of a diagram.
- A flower is the reproductive structure of angiospermic plants.
- Parts of a typical flower include:
a) Sepals: Outermost whorl of green, leaf-like structures that protect the flower bud.
b) Petals: Usually colorful and attract pollinators.
c) Stamens: Male reproductive organs consisting of anther and filament.
d) Carpels: Female reproductive organs consisting of stigma, style, and ovary.
e) Receptacle: The swollen tip of the flower stalk where all the floral parts are attached.
(Diagrammatic representation of a typical flower)
7. Draw a well-labeled diagram of V.S. of a maize seed.
- I apologize, but as a text-based AI, I am unable to draw diagrams. However, you can easily find a well-labeled diagram of a vertical section (V.S.) of a maize seed by searching online or referring to your textbook.
8. What is inflorescence? What are its two types?
- Inflorescence refers to the arrangement of flowers on a floral axis or stalk.
- Two types of inflorescence are:
a) Racemose inflorescence: In racemose inflorescence, the main axis continues to grow, producing flowers at its sides. Examples include raceme, panicle, and spike.
b) Cymose inflorescence: In cymose inflorescence, the main axis terminates in a flower, and further growth is arrested. Examples include cyme and umbel.
9. Draw the floral formula & floral diagram of the Solanaceae family.
- I apologize, but as a text-based AI, I am unable to draw diagrams. However, you can easily find the floral formula and floral diagram of the Solanaceae family by searching online or referring to your textbook.
10. What is aestivation? What are its different types? Give examples.
- Aestivation refers to the arrangement of sepals or petals in a floral bud before it opens.
- Different types of aestivation include:
a) Valvate aestivation: Sepals or petals in the bud are touching each other at the margins without overlapping. Example: Calotropis.
b) Twisted aestivation: Sepals or petals in the bud are twisted or overlapped. Example: China rose.
c) Imbricate aestivation: Sepals or petals in the bud overlap each other in a specific pattern. Example: Gulmohar.
d) Vexillary aestivation: One large petal (the "banner" or "standard") covers two smaller petals (the "wings") which enclose two more petals (the "keel"). Example: Pea.
I hope this helps!