Answer:

6. 16

7. 29

8. 10, 14, 18,22,26

9. 13, 23,33,43,53,63,73,83

10. 4,8,12,16

Step-by-step explanation:

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Answer:

Theory and Observation in Science

First published Tue Jan 6, 2009; substantive revision Tue Mar 28, 2017

Scientists obtain a great deal of the evidence they use by observing natural and experimentally generated objects and effects. Much of the standard philosophical literature on this subject comes from 20th century logical empiricists, their followers, and critics who embraced their issues and accepted some of their assumptions even as they objected to specific views. Their discussions of observational evidence tend to focus on epistemological questions about its role in theory testing. This entry follows their lead even though observational evidence also plays important and philosophically interesting roles in other areas including scientific discovery, the development of experimental tools and techniques, and the application of scientific theories to practical problems.

The issues that get the most attention in the standard philosophical literature on observation and theory have to do with the distinction between observables and unobservables, the form and content of observation reports, and the epistemic bearing of observational evidence on theories it is used to evaluate. This entry discusses these topics under the following headings:

1. Introduction

2. What do observation reports describe?

3. Is observation an exclusively perceptual process?

4. How observational evidence might be theory laden

5. Salience and theoretical stance

6. Semantic theory loading

7. Operationalization and observation reports

8. Is perception theory laden?

9. How do observational data bear on the acceptability of theoretical claims?

10. Data and phenomena

11. Conclusion

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