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1.Cells are the basic structural and functional unit of life. The term “cells” was first coined in 1665 by a British scientist Robert Hooke. He was the first person to study living things under a microscope and examined a thin slice of cork under a microscope and observed honeycomb-like structures.
2.Robert Brown discovered the cell. (c) Virchow explained that cells are formed from pre-existing cells.
3.Schleiden and Schwann formulated the cell theory.Purkinje's contributions to physiology were manifold: accurate descriptions of various visual phenomena (e.g., Purkinje-Sanson images, Purkinje phenomenon), discovery of the terminal network of the cardiac conduction system (Purkinje fibers), identification of cerebellar neuronal bodies
4.If the organisms are made up of many cells, they are called multicellular organisms. In multicellular organisms, the cells will organise to form tissues to perform certain functions. Rose plants, rat, human being etc., are examples of multicellular organisms.
5.The cell wall separates the interior contents of the cell from the exterior environment. It also provides shape, support, and protection to the cell and its organelles. However, this cellular component is present exclusively in eukaryotic plants, fungi, and a few prokaryotic organisms.
6.A plant cell contains a large, singular vacuole that is used for storage and maintaining the shape of the cell. In contrast, animal cells have many, smaller vacuoles. Plant cells have a cell wall, as well as a cell membrane. In plants, the cell wall surrounds the cell membrane
7.Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms and do not possess any cell organelles in them. Eukaryotes can be either unicellular or multicellular with nucleus and other cell organelles present in them.
8.Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell because it is responsible for the extracting energy from food through cellular respiration. The energy is released in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
9.The plasma membrane is called as selectively permeable membrane because it regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell. It means that the plasma membrane allows some material to pass through it while at the same time it blocks other material from entering through it.
11.A.Eggs can be separated based on their density using the water method. Good eggs are denser than spoiled eggs, so they will sink in water, while spoiled eggs will float. By carefully placing the eggs in a bucket of water, the worker can remove the floating eggs as they are likely to be spoiled.
B.According to the American Egg Board, the shell of the egg is composed of calcium carbonate (about 94%) with small amounts of magnesium carbonate, calcium phosphate and other organic matter, including protein.
12.Mitochondria are the "powerhouses" of the cell, breaking down fuel molecules and capturing energy in cellular respiration. Chloroplasts are found in plants and algae. They're responsible for capturing light energy to make sugars in photosynthesis.
13.Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level. The structure of ATP is a nucleoside triphosphate, consisting of a nitrogenous base (adenine), a ribose sugar, and three serially bonded phosphate groups.
14.The nucleus controls and regulates the activities of the cell (e.g., growth and metabolism) and carries the genes, structures that contain the hereditary information. Nucleoli are small bodies often seen within the nucleus
15.Animal cells need food to get energy for growth, repair and reproduction. Therefore, cells cannot survive without water, oxygen and food. Cells have multiple organelles (you might think of these like organs in humans) and the cells need to provide food, water and oxygen for them to perform their functions.
1) The word "cell" has multiple meanings. It can refer to a small unit of a living organism, like a human cell. It can also refer to a small enclosed space, like a prison cell.
As for its discovery, the concept of cells was first proposed by Robert Hooke in 1665. He used a microscope to observe cork and described the structures he saw as "cells" because they reminded him of small rooms or cells that monks lived in. Later, scientists like Anton van Leeuwenhoek and Matthias Schleiden further contributed to our understanding of cells.
2) a) Robert Brown: He discovered and described the cell nucleus, which is a crucial organelle in eukaryotic cells. This discovery is known as "Brownian motion."
b) Virchow: Rudolf Virchow proposed the concept of "cellular pathology" and emphasized that cells are the fundamental units of life and disease. He also contributed to the understanding of cell division and the importance of cell growth and reproduction.
3)a) Purkinje: Purkinje, also known as Jan Evangelista Purkyně, made significant contributions to various fields of biology. He is known for his studies on the nervous system, where he described the Purkinje cells in the cerebellum, which are important for motor coordination.
b) Schleiden: Matthias Schleiden, a German botanist, played a crucial role in the development of cell theory. He proposed that all plants are composed of cells, which laid the foundation for our understanding of the cellular nature of living organisms.
5) The cell wall is a rigid layer that surrounds the cell membrane in plant cells, fungi, and some bacteria. It provides structural support and protection to the cell, helping to maintain its shape and prevent it from bursting. The cell wall is made up of cellulose in plants, chitin in fungi, and peptidoglycan in bacteria. It acts as a barrier, allowing certain substances to pass through while blocking others. The cell wall also plays a role in cell-to-cell communication and provides resistance against external pressures and pathogens. Overall, the cell wall is an essential feature that contributes to the strength and integrity of these organisms.
6)
.4) . A multicellular organism is made up of multiple cells working together, rather than a single "multicellular cell." Each cell in a multicellular organism has a specific function and contributes to the overall functioning of the organism. Examples of multicellular organisms include plants, animals, and fungi. Each of these organisms is composed of different types of cells that work together to carry out various functions necessary for survival.
7) Plant cells and animal cells have some key differences:
1. Cell Wall: Plant cells have a rigid cell wall made of cellulose, providing structural support, while animal cells do not have a cell wall.
2. Chloroplasts: Plant cells contain chloroplasts, which are responsible for photosynthesis and give plants their green color. Animal cells do not have chloroplasts.
3. Vacuoles: Plant cells typically have a large central vacuole that stores water, nutrients, and waste materials. Animal cells may have smaller vacuoles, but they are not as prominent as in plant cells.
4. Shape: Plant cells tend to have a fixed rectangular or square shape due to the presence of a cell wall, while animal cells have a more flexible and varied shape.
5. Lysosomes: Animal cells contain lysosomes, which are responsible for intracellular digestion. Plant cells have fewer or no lysosomes.
8)Mitochondria are known as the "powerhouse of the cell" because they are responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). ATP is like the fuel that powers various cellular processes and activities. Just like a powerhouse generates electricity for a house, mitochondria generate energy for the cell. They do this through a process called cellular respiration, where they convert nutrients into ATP. So, mitochondria play a vital role in providing energy for the cell to carry out its functions. ⚡️
9)The plasma membrane is called a selectively permeable membrane because it selectively allows certain substances to pass through while restricting the passage of others. It acts like a gatekeeper, controlling the movement of molecules in and out of the cell. This selectivity is due to the presence of various proteins and lipid molecules in the membrane that regulate the transport of ions, nutrients, and waste products. So, the plasma membrane maintains a delicate balance by allowing necessary substances to enter and exit the cell while preventing harmful or unnecessary ones from entering.
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Explanation
1.Cells are the basic structural and functional unit of life. The term “cells” was first coined in 1665 by a British scientist Robert Hooke. He was the first person to study living things under a microscope and examined a thin slice of cork under a microscope and observed honeycomb-like structures.
2.Robert Brown discovered the cell. (c) Virchow explained that cells are formed from pre-existing cells.
3.Schleiden and Schwann formulated the cell theory.Purkinje's contributions to physiology were manifold: accurate descriptions of various visual phenomena (e.g., Purkinje-Sanson images, Purkinje phenomenon), discovery of the terminal network of the cardiac conduction system (Purkinje fibers), identification of cerebellar neuronal bodies
4.If the organisms are made up of many cells, they are called multicellular organisms. In multicellular organisms, the cells will organise to form tissues to perform certain functions. Rose plants, rat, human being etc., are examples of multicellular organisms.
5.The cell wall separates the interior contents of the cell from the exterior environment. It also provides shape, support, and protection to the cell and its organelles. However, this cellular component is present exclusively in eukaryotic plants, fungi, and a few prokaryotic organisms.
6.A plant cell contains a large, singular vacuole that is used for storage and maintaining the shape of the cell. In contrast, animal cells have many, smaller vacuoles. Plant cells have a cell wall, as well as a cell membrane. In plants, the cell wall surrounds the cell membrane
7.Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms and do not possess any cell organelles in them. Eukaryotes can be either unicellular or multicellular with nucleus and other cell organelles present in them.
8.Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell because it is responsible for the extracting energy from food through cellular respiration. The energy is released in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
9.The plasma membrane is called as selectively permeable membrane because it regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell. It means that the plasma membrane allows some material to pass through it while at the same time it blocks other material from entering through it.
11. A. Eggs can be separated based on their density using the water method. Good eggs are denser than spoiled eggs, so they will sink in water, while spoiled eggs will float. By carefully placing the eggs in a bucket of water, the worker can remove the floating eggs as they are likely to be spoiled.
B. According to the American Egg Board, the shell of the egg is composed of calcium carbonate (about 94%) with small amounts of magnesium carbonate, calcium phosphate and other organic matter, including protein.
12.Mitochondria are the "powerhouses" of the cell, breaking down fuel molecules and capturing energy in cellular respiration. Chloroplasts are found in plants and algae. They're responsible for capturing light energy to make sugars in photosynthesis.
13.Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level. The structure of ATP is a nucleoside triphosphate, consisting of a nitrogenous base (adenine), a ribose sugar, and three serially bonded phosphate groups.
14.The nucleus controls and regulates the activities of the cell (e.g., growth and metabolism) and carries the genes, structures that contain the hereditary information. Nucleoli are small bodies often seen within the nucleus
15.Animal cells need food to get energy for growth, repair and reproduction. Therefore, cells cannot survive without water, oxygen and food. Cells have multiple organelles (you might think of these like organs in humans) and the cells need to provide food, water and oxygen for them to perform their functions.
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Answer:
1) The word "cell" has multiple meanings. It can refer to a small unit of a living organism, like a human cell. It can also refer to a small enclosed space, like a prison cell.
As for its discovery, the concept of cells was first proposed by Robert Hooke in 1665. He used a microscope to observe cork and described the structures he saw as "cells" because they reminded him of small rooms or cells that monks lived in. Later, scientists like Anton van Leeuwenhoek and Matthias Schleiden further contributed to our understanding of cells.
2) a) Robert Brown: He discovered and described the cell nucleus, which is a crucial organelle in eukaryotic cells. This discovery is known as "Brownian motion."
b) Virchow: Rudolf Virchow proposed the concept of "cellular pathology" and emphasized that cells are the fundamental units of life and disease. He also contributed to the understanding of cell division and the importance of cell growth and reproduction.
3)a) Purkinje: Purkinje, also known as Jan Evangelista Purkyně, made significant contributions to various fields of biology. He is known for his studies on the nervous system, where he described the Purkinje cells in the cerebellum, which are important for motor coordination.
b) Schleiden: Matthias Schleiden, a German botanist, played a crucial role in the development of cell theory. He proposed that all plants are composed of cells, which laid the foundation for our understanding of the cellular nature of living organisms.
5) The cell wall is a rigid layer that surrounds the cell membrane in plant cells, fungi, and some bacteria. It provides structural support and protection to the cell, helping to maintain its shape and prevent it from bursting. The cell wall is made up of cellulose in plants, chitin in fungi, and peptidoglycan in bacteria. It acts as a barrier, allowing certain substances to pass through while blocking others. The cell wall also plays a role in cell-to-cell communication and provides resistance against external pressures and pathogens. Overall, the cell wall is an essential feature that contributes to the strength and integrity of these organisms.
6)
.4) . A multicellular organism is made up of multiple cells working together, rather than a single "multicellular cell." Each cell in a multicellular organism has a specific function and contributes to the overall functioning of the organism. Examples of multicellular organisms include plants, animals, and fungi. Each of these organisms is composed of different types of cells that work together to carry out various functions necessary for survival.
7) Plant cells and animal cells have some key differences:
1. Cell Wall: Plant cells have a rigid cell wall made of cellulose, providing structural support, while animal cells do not have a cell wall.
2. Chloroplasts: Plant cells contain chloroplasts, which are responsible for photosynthesis and give plants their green color. Animal cells do not have chloroplasts.
3. Vacuoles: Plant cells typically have a large central vacuole that stores water, nutrients, and waste materials. Animal cells may have smaller vacuoles, but they are not as prominent as in plant cells.
4. Shape: Plant cells tend to have a fixed rectangular or square shape due to the presence of a cell wall, while animal cells have a more flexible and varied shape.
5. Lysosomes: Animal cells contain lysosomes, which are responsible for intracellular digestion. Plant cells have fewer or no lysosomes.
8)Mitochondria are known as the "powerhouse of the cell" because they are responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). ATP is like the fuel that powers various cellular processes and activities. Just like a powerhouse generates electricity for a house, mitochondria generate energy for the cell. They do this through a process called cellular respiration, where they convert nutrients into ATP. So, mitochondria play a vital role in providing energy for the cell to carry out its functions. ⚡️
9)The plasma membrane is called a selectively permeable membrane because it selectively allows certain substances to pass through while restricting the passage of others. It acts like a gatekeeper, controlling the movement of molecules in and out of the cell. This selectivity is due to the presence of various proteins and lipid molecules in the membrane that regulate the transport of ions, nutrients, and waste products. So, the plasma membrane maintains a delicate balance by allowing necessary substances to enter and exit the cell while preventing harmful or unnecessary ones from entering.
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