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The Second World War had several causes, two of which are directly related to the grievances against the Treaty of Versailles and the rise of Fascism in Italy and Nazism in Germany:

(a) Grievances against the Treaty of Versailles:

- The Treaty of Versailles, which officially ended World War I, imposed harsh conditions on Germany. These conditions included territorial losses, disarmament, and heavy reparations payments.

- These terms were deeply resented by many Germans, as they felt the treaty unfairly punished their nation and caused economic hardship and humiliation.

- The treaty also created political instability in Germany, which contributed to the rise of extremist political movements.

(b) Rise of Fascism in Italy and Nazism in Germany:

- In Italy, Benito Mussolini established the Fascist regime in the 1920s. He promised to restore Italy's glory and power, appealing to nationalist sentiments and opposition to the perceived weaknesses of democracy.

- In Germany, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party rose to power in the 1930s. Hitler advocated extreme nationalism, anti-Semitism, and territorial expansion. He promised to overturn the Treaty of Versailles and rebuild Germany as a dominant world power.

- The aggressive expansionist policies of both Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany led to conflicts with neighboring countries, escalating tensions in Europe.

These factors, among others, created a volatile environment in Europe, ultimately leading to the outbreak of World War II in 1939. The combination of unresolved issues from World War I, aggressive nationalism, and the rise of authoritarian regimes played a significant role in shaping the causes of the Second World War.