Explanation:

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1. Institutions through which our democracy functions:

In a democratic system, various institutions play crucial roles in ensuring the smooth functioning of the government and the representation of the people. Some of the key institutions through which our democracy functions are:

a) Parliament: The supreme legislative body that consists of two houses, the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States). It is responsible for making and amending laws.

b) Executive: The executive branch includes the President, the Prime Minister, and the Council of Ministers. They are responsible for implementing and enforcing laws and policies.

c) Judiciary: The judiciary comprises the Supreme Court, High Courts, and lower courts. It ensures the interpretation and application of laws and safeguards the rights of citizens.

d) Election Commission: An independent body responsible for conducting free and fair elections at various levels and ensuring the electoral process is transparent.

e) Local Self-Government Bodies: Institutions like Municipal Corporations, Panchayati Raj institutions, etc., play a crucial role in local governance and grassroots-level administration.

2. Universal Adult Franchise (UAF):

Universal Adult Franchise (UAF) is a democratic principle where every adult citizen, regardless of caste, religion, gender, education, or economic status, has the right to vote in elections. It means that all adults who have attained the age of eligibility for voting have an equal right to participate in the electoral process.

Features of Universal Adult Franchise:

a) Equality in Voting: UAF ensures that each eligible citizen's vote holds equal weight, irrespective of their background. Every adult's vote counts the same in electing representatives and determining the government.

b) Inclusivity and Participation: UAF promotes inclusivity and democratic participation by giving a voice to all adult citizens. It allows a diverse range of people to be part of the decision-making process and have a say in shaping the government and policies.

By embracing Universal Adult Franchise, democratic countries aim to foster representation and inclusivity, ensuring that all citizens have the right to elect their representatives and contribute to the functioning of the government.

Answer:

Article 326 defines a universal adult franchise as the basis for elections to all levels of the elected government. The universal Adult Franchise refers that all citizens who are 18 years and above irrespective of their caste or education, religion, color, race, and economic conditions are free to vote.

In a democracy, a universal adult franchise is important, as it is based on the idea of equality. It states that every adult in a country, irrespective of wealth and the communities she/he belongs to, has one vote.

The Indian Constitution has adopted a universal adult franchise as a basis for elections to the Lok Sabha and the state legislative assemblies.

Representation of States in Lok Sabha: Members are directly elected by the people from the territorial constituencies in the states

Election Principle used – Universal Adult Franchise

Eligibility to Vote: Any Indian Citizen of/above 18 years of age.