1. Light exposure is maximized. Conversely, the excessive shading effect of other plants is minimized thus favoring more efficient photosynthesis and improved crop yield;
2. Wind passage along the interrows is enhanced which increases gas exchanges and prevents excessive humidity;
3. Access through the interrows facilitates cultivation, weeding, and other farm operations including hauling;
4. Movement within the crop area is more convenient and allows close inspection of individual plants;
5. Visibility is enhanced; an It is easy to calculate or count the plant population in a given farm area
6. Broadcasting
7. Drilling
8. Dibbling
9. Rectangularity
10. Crop structure
11. Resource complementarity
12. single rows
13. wide rows and Raised beds

14-15.seed propagation, cutting, layering, division, grafting, budding, and tissue culture technique.